在作業中,我曾寫過一個 Shell 腳本,這個腳本可以從 4 個 NTP 服務器輪流獲取時間,然后將最可靠的時間設定為系統時間,因為我們對于時間的要求比較高,需要在短時間內就獲取到正確的時間,所以我們就需要對這個腳本運行時間進行測驗,看看從開始運行到正確設定時間需要花費多少時間,

其實在作業中,還有很多情況下需要測驗一個腳本或者程式運行多少時間,特別是對于時間性要求比較高的系統更是如此,對于時間的測驗,我們可以用到一個命令:time ,下面我們就詳細看看如何使用 time 命令來對腳本/命令進行測時,
1. time 命令基本用法
time 命令最基本的用法,就是 time + 命令 ,比如:
$ time ping baidu.com
PING baidu.com (123.125.114.144) 56(84) bytes of data.
64 bytes from 123.125.114.144 (123.125.114.144): icmp_seq=1 ttl=56 time=2.83 ms
64 bytes from 123.125.114.144 (123.125.114.144): icmp_seq=2 ttl=56 time=2.77 ms
…………
^C
--- baidu.com ping statistics ---
8 packets transmitted, 8 received, 0% packet loss, time 10818ms
rtt min/avg/max/mdev = 2.765/2.808/2.862/0.039 ms
real 0m11.173s
user 0m0.004s
sys 0m0.002s
在結果里,real 表示從我們執行 ping 命令到最終按 ctrl+c 終止這段時間所耗費的時間;user 及 sys 分別表示 ping 命令在用戶空間及內核空間所運行的時間,
2. 將時間資訊寫入檔案
如果我們想把時間資訊直接寫入到檔案,而不是顯示在螢屏上,那么我們可以使用 -o 選項,并指定寫入的檔案路徑,
$ /usr/bin/time -o /home/alvin/time-output.txt ping baidu.com
執行這個命令后,ping 命令的輸出結果依然會在終端里,而 time 命令的結果就寫入到我們所指定的 time-output.txt 檔案里,
-o 選項表示輸出檔案不存在就創建,如果存在的話就直接覆寫重寫,如果我們不想覆寫重寫,而是想追加在檔案后面,我們可以使用 -a 選項,
$ /usr/bin/time -a /home/smart/time-output.txt ping linoxide.com
3. 顯示更詳細的時間資訊
time 命令不帶選項的話,顯示的資訊量比較少,如果我們想獲得更詳細的資訊,那么我們可以使用 -v 選項,
$ /usr/bin/time -v ping baidu.com
PING baidu.com (123.125.114.144) 56(84) bytes of data.
64 bytes from 123.125.114.144 (123.125.114.144): icmp_seq=1 ttl=56 time=2.75 ms
64 bytes from 123.125.114.144 (123.125.114.144): icmp_seq=2 ttl=56 time=2.76 ms
64 bytes from 123.125.114.144 (123.125.114.144): icmp_seq=3 ttl=56 time=2.85 ms
64 bytes from 123.125.114.144 (123.125.114.144): icmp_seq=4 ttl=56 time=2.77 ms
^C
--- baidu.com ping statistics ---
4 packets transmitted, 4 received, 0% packet loss, time 3300ms
rtt min/avg/max/mdev = 2.751/2.785/2.851/0.075 ms
Command being timed: "ping baidu.com"
User time (seconds): 0.00
System time (seconds): 0.00
Percent of CPU this job got: 0%
Elapsed (wall clock) time (h:mm:ss or m:ss): 0:03.64
Average shared text size (kbytes): 0
Average unshared data size (kbytes): 0
Average stack size (kbytes): 0
Average total size (kbytes): 0
Maximum resident set size (kbytes): 2140
Average resident set size (kbytes): 0
Major (requiring I/O) page faults: 0
Minor (reclaiming a frame) page faults: 626
Voluntary context switches: 10
Involuntary context switches: 0
Swaps: 0
File system inputs: 0
File system outputs: 0
Socket messages sent: 0
Socket messages received: 0
Signals delivered: 0
Page size (bytes): 4096
Exit status: 0
這個結果資訊就相當詳細了,我們可以獲取到足夠多我們所需要的資訊,
4. 自定義輸出格式
默認情況下,time 命令只輸出 real,usr,sys 三個內容,如果我們想要個性化一些,算定義它的輸出格式,time 命令也是支持的,time 命令支持的格式有很多,如下所示:
C - Name and command line arguments used
D - Average size of the process's unshared data area in kilobytes
E - Elapsed time in a clock format
F - Number of page faults
I - Number of file system inputs by the process
K - Average total memory use of the process in kilobytes
M - Maximum resident set the size of the process during the lifetime in Kilobytes
O - Number of file system outputs by the process
P - Percentage of CPU that the job received
R - Number of minor or recoverable page faults
S - Total number of CPU seconds used by the system in kernel mode
U - Total number of CPU seconds used by user mode
W - Number of times the process was swapped out of main memory
X - Average amount of shared text in the process
Z - System's page size in kilobytes
c - Number of times the process was context-switched
e - Elapsed real time used by the process in seconds
k - Number of signals delivered to the process
p - Average unshared stack size of the process in kilobytes
r - Number of socket messages received by the process
s - Number of socket messages sent by the process
t - Average resident set size of the process in kilobytes
w - Number of time the process was context-switched voluntarily
x - Exit status of the command
如果我們想要輸出以下這樣的格式:
Elapsed Time = 0:01:00, Inputs 2, Outputs 1
我們可以這樣自定義:
$ /usr/bin/time -f "Elapsed Time = %E, Inputs %I, Outputs %O" ping baidu.com
PING baidu.com (220.181.38.148) 56(84) bytes of data.
64 bytes from 220.181.38.148 (220.181.38.148): icmp_seq=1 ttl=54 time=1.82 ms
64 bytes from 220.181.38.148 (220.181.38.148): icmp_seq=2 ttl=54 time=1.86 ms
^C
--- baidu.com ping statistics ---
4 packets transmitted, 4 received, 0% packet loss, time 3003ms
rtt min/avg/max/mdev = 1.825/1.859/1.879/0.056 ms
Elapsed Time = 0:03.92, Inputs 0, Outputs 0
如果你想讓輸出的結果有換行,可以在對應的地方添加 \n ,比如:
$ /usr/bin/time -f "Elapsed Time = %E \n Inputs %I \n Outputs %O" ping baidu.com
這樣輸出的結果就類似于這樣:
Elapsed Time = 0:03.92
Inputs 0
Outputs 0
原文來自:https://os.51cto.com/art/202004/613848.htm
本文地址:https://www.linuxprobe.com/linux-command-runtime-test.html編輯:馮瑞濤,審核員:逄增寶
Linux命令大全:https://www.linuxcool.com/

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