目錄
1. 守護行程是什么
2. 怎么用守護行程
2.1 有趣小例子
2.2 man daemon
3. 原始碼決議
3.1 GUN C daemon.c
3.2 daemon.c 決議
3.3 BUGS
4. 后記
1. 守護行程是什么
Linux Daemon (守護行程) 是運行在后臺的一種特殊行程. 它獨立于控制終端并且周期性地執行某種任務或等待處理
某些發生的事件. 不依賴用戶輸入就能提供某種服務.
Linux 系統中大多數服務都是通過守護行程實作的. 常見的守護行程包括系統日志行程 syslogd, Web 服務器 httpd ,
MySQL 資料庫服務器 mysqld 等. 守護行程的命名我們通常約定以 d 結尾.
2. 怎么用守護行程
2.1 有趣小例子
#include <time.h> #include <stdio.h> #include <stdlib.h> #include <unistd.h> // // gcc -g -O2 -Wall -Wextra -o demo demo.c // int main(void) { // 創建守護行程 if (daemon(0, 0)) { perror("daemon error"); exit(EXIT_FAILURE); } // 守護行程 構建文本任務 FILE * txt = fopen("demo.log", "w"); if (txt) { fprintf(txt, "%ld, hello, 世界", time(NULL)); fclose(txt); } exit(EXIT_SUCCESS); }
結果出人意料呢? daemon(0, 0) ~ 通過 GNU C 庫 提供的 api, 輕巧的創建了守護行程.
有心同行也可以將上面素材當做守護行程面試題, 不需要死記硬背, 簡單交流下就可以考察出候選人是否嚴謹和用心.
2.2 man daemon
全貌了解 daemon() 函式最簡單方法還是看 man daemon 手冊, 摘錄些一塊學習學習, 溫故溫故.
DAEMON(3) Linux Programmer's Manual DAEMON(3)
NAME
daemon - run in the background
SYNOPSIS
#include <unistd.h>
int daemon(int nochdir, int noclose);
Feature Test Macro Requirements for glibc (see feature_test_macros(7)):
daemon():
Since glibc 2.21:
_DEFAULT_SOURCE
In glibc 2.19 and 2.20:
_DEFAULT_SOURCE || (_XOPEN_SOURCE && _XOPEN_SOURCE < 500)
Up to and including glibc 2.19:
_BSD_SOURCE || (_XOPEN_SOURCE && _XOPEN_SOURCE < 500)
DESCRIPTION
The daemon() function is for programs wishing to detach themselves from
the controlling terminal and run in the background as system daemons.
If nochdir is zero, daemon() changes the process's current working
directory to the root directory ("/"); otherwise, the current working
directory is left unchanged.
If noclose is zero, daemon() redirects standard input, standard output
and standard error to /dev/null; otherwise, no changes are made to
these file descriptors.
RETURN VALUE
(This function forks, and if the fork(2) succeeds, the parent calls
_exit(2), so that further errors are seen by the child only.) On suc‐
cess daemon() returns zero. If an error occurs, daemon() returns -1
and sets errno to any of the errors specified for the fork(2) and set‐
sid(2).
ATTRIBUTES
For an explanation of the terms used in this section, see
attributes(7).
┌──────────┬───────────────┬─────────┐
│Interface │ Attribute │ Value │
├──────────┼───────────────┼─────────┤
│daemon() │ Thread safety │ MT-Safe │
└──────────┴───────────────┴─────────┘
CONFORMING TO
Not in POSIX.1. A similar function appears on the BSDs. The daemon()
function first appeared in 4.4BSD.
NOTES
The glibc implementation can also return -1 when /dev/null exists but
is not a character device with the expected major and minor numbers.
In this case, errno need not be set.
BUGS
The GNU C library implementation of this function was taken from BSD,
and does not employ the double-fork technique (i.e., fork(2), set‐
sid(2), fork(2)) that is necessary to ensure that the resulting daemon
process is not a session leader. Instead, the resulting daemon is a
session leader. On systems that follow System V semantics (e.g.,
Linux), this means that if the daemon opens a terminal that is not
already a controlling terminal for another session, then that terminal
will inadvertently become the controlling terminal for the daemon.
SEE ALSO
fork(2), setsid(2), daemon(7), logrotate(8)
COLOPHON
This page is part of release 4.15 of the Linux man-pages project. A
description of the project, information about reporting bugs, and the
latest version of this page, can be found at
https://www.kernel.org/doc/man-pages/.
GNU 2017-11-26 DAEMON(3)
翻譯其中核心的幾小段, 有更好翻譯可以提供或者告知, 文章會迅速修正.
NAME
daemon - 運行在后臺
SYNOPSIS
#include <unistd.h>
int daemon(int nochdir, int noclose);
DESCRIPTION
daemon() 函式希望運行程式脫離控制終端, 作為系統守護行程在后臺運行.
如果 nochdir 是 0, daemon() 將更改當前行程作業目錄到 "/" 根目錄. 否則保持
不變.
如果 noclose 是 0, deamon() 將重定向 STDIN_FILENO 標準輸入, STDOUT_FILENO
標準輸出, STDERR_FILENO 標準錯誤 到 /dev/null, 否則保持不變.
RETURN VALUE
函式內部會執行 fork, 如果 fork 成功, 父行程會呼叫 _exit 退出. 執行成功回傳 0.
發生錯誤時候將回傳 -1, errno 的設定依賴 fork(), setsid(), daemon() 原始碼.
3. 原始碼決議
3.1 GUN C daemon.c
glibc-2.33/misc/daemon.c
1 /*- 2 * Copyright (c) 1990, 1993 3 * The Regents of the University of California. All rights reserved. 4 * 5 * Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without 6 * modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions 7 * are met: 8 * 1. Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright 9 * notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer. 10 * 2. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright 11 * notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the 12 * documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution. 13 * 4. Neither the name of the University nor the names of its contributors 14 * may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software 15 * without specific prior written permission. 16 * 17 * THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE REGENTS AND CONTRIBUTORS ``AS IS'' AND 18 * ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE 19 * IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE 20 * ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE REGENTS OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE 21 * FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL 22 * DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS 23 * OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) 24 * HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT 25 * LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY 26 * OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF 27 * SUCH DAMAGE. 28 */ 29 30 #if defined(LIBC_SCCS) && !defined(lint) 31 static char sccsid[] = "@(#)daemon.c 8.1 (Berkeley) 6/4/93"; 32 #endif /* LIBC_SCCS and not lint */ 33 34 #include <errno.h> 35 #include <fcntl.h> 36 #include <paths.h> 37 #include <unistd.h> 38 #include <sys/stat.h> 39 40 #include <device-nrs.h> 41 #include <not-cancel.h> 42 43 int 44 daemon (int nochdir, int noclose) 45 { 46 int fd; 47 48 switch (__fork()) { 49 case -1: 50 return (-1); 51 case 0: 52 break; 53 default: 54 _exit(0); 55 } 56 57 if (__setsid() == -1) 58 return (-1); 59 60 if (!nochdir) 61 (void)__chdir("/"); 62 63 if (!noclose) { 64 struct stat64 st; 65 66 if ((fd = __open_nocancel(_PATH_DEVNULL, O_RDWR, 0)) != -1 67 && (__builtin_expect (__fstat64 (fd, &st), 0) 68 == 0)) { 69 if (__builtin_expect (S_ISCHR (st.st_mode), 1) != 0 70 #if defined DEV_NULL_MAJOR && defined DEV_NULL_MINOR 71 && (st.st_rdev 72 == makedev (DEV_NULL_MAJOR, DEV_NULL_MINOR)) 73 #endif 74 ) { 75 (void)__dup2(fd, STDIN_FILENO); 76 (void)__dup2(fd, STDOUT_FILENO); 77 (void)__dup2(fd, STDERR_FILENO); 78 if (fd > 2) 79 (void)__close (fd); 80 } else { 81 /* We must set an errno value since no 82 function call actually failed. */ 83 __close_nocancel_nostatus (fd); 84 __set_errno (ENODEV); 85 return -1; 86 } 87 } else { 88 __close_nocancel_nostatus (fd); 89 return -1; 90 } 91 } 92 return (0); 93 }
3.2 daemon.c 決議
30-32 行 SCCS ID (SCCS 代表源代碼控制系統)
66 行 和 88 行 類似 open 和 close
// sysdeps/generic/not-cancel.h /* By default we have none. Map the name to the normal functions. */ #define __open_nocancel(...) \ __open (__VA_ARGS__) #define __close_nocancel(fd) \ __close (fd)
不過 88 行不夠嚴禁, 因為當 fd == -1 時候, 會 __close_nocancel_nostatus (-1) 會引發一個 @errno{EBADF, 9, Bad file descriptor}.
67 - 73 行 (__builtin_expect (EXP, N) 表達意思是告訴編譯器預測 EXP 表試式 == 常量 N 概率很大, 回傳值是 EXP ) 大致
意思獲取檔案屬性, 并且不是位元組設備. makedev 用于構建設備 id.
75-77 三行, 將 STDIN_FILENO, STDOUT_FILENO, STDERR_FILENO 句柄指向 fd 句柄所指向的 dev/null 檔案.
78-79 行, 很漂亮很嚴謹功力很厚.
3.3 BUGS
在 2.2 中有這段話,
BUGS The GNU C library implementation of this function was taken from BSD, and does not employ the double-fork technique (i.e., fork(2), set‐ sid(2), fork(2)) that is necessary to ensure that the resulting daemon process is not a session leader. Instead, the resulting daemon is a session leader. On systems that follow System V semantics (e.g., Linux), this means that if the daemon opens a terminal that is not already a controlling terminal for another session, then that terminal will inadvertently become the controlling terminal for the daemon. BUGS GNUC 庫 這個 daemon() 函式的實作取自 BSD 原始碼. 沒有采用兩次 double fork 設定 sid 機制, 來確保生成的守護行程不是會話負責人. 相反, 這里生成的守護 行程是會話負責人 (session leader). 在遵循 System V 語意系統上, 創建的守 護行程在重新打開終端時候, 新開終端會自動成為守護行程的控制終端.
參照這些內容我們補充一個大致符合 System V 版本 daemon
/* * 創建守護行程 */ void daemon_service(void) { // fork 后父行程 exit 退出, 保證子行程可以成功 setsid() 擁有一個新會話 switch (fork()) { case -1: exit(EXIT_FAILURE); case 0: break; default: exit(EXIT_SUCCESS); } // 子行程創建新會話 // 執行成功后 Process ID(PID) == Process Group ID(PGID) == Session ID(SID) if (setsid() == -1) exit(EXIT_FAILURE); // 二次 fork 后孫行程不再是會話組首行程, 因而孫行程無法重新打開一個新的控制終端 // 執行成功后 Process ID(PID) != Process Group ID(PGID) == Session ID(SID) switch (fork()) { case -1: exit(EXIT_FAILURE); case 0: break; default: exit(EXIT_SUCCESS); } // 子行程設定新的作業目錄是 根目錄 "/", 避免存在掛載磁盤一直被占用的情況 if (chdir("/")) {} // 子行程重置 創建檔案 權限 umask(0); // 相關句柄善后, 節省資源 fflush(stderr); fflush(stdout); for (int fd = sysconf(_SC_OPEN_MAX); fd >= 0; fd--) close(fd); }
4. 后記
歡迎交流指正 ~
感恩? 不忘初心, 與善者同行 ?
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