我有一個結構如下的 tkinter 應用程式：
import tkinter as tk
import tkinter.ttk as ttk
class TopLevelWindow(tk.Toplevel):
def __init__(self, root, *args, **kargs):
super().__init__(root, *args, **kargs)
self.root = root
self.button= ttk.Button(self, text="Exportar excel", command=self.go)
self.button.pack()
self.prog_bar = ttk.Progressbar(self, orient = "horizontal", mode= "determinate")
self.prog_bar.pack()
def go(self):
global dic_Data
# Create word file
value_bar = 100/len(dic_Data)
for k, v in dic_Data.items():
# Calculate some stuff
# Create Pil images and add them to the word file
# Create Matplotlib images and add them to the word file
self.prog_bar["value"] = value_bar
self.root.update_idletasks()
#Save the word file
self.quit()
self.destroy()
class App():
def __init__(self, root, *params):
self.root = root
# Code
# dic_Data gets populated
def open_window(self):
popup = TopLevelWindow(self.root)
popup.mainloop()
dic_Data = {}
root = tk.Tk()
app = App(root)
root.mainloop()
我遇到的問題是該函式go最終凍結了我的頂層視窗。
奇怪的是，它開始為 for 回圈的第一個專案做 okey，然后它凍結但函式繼續運行良好（欄上沒有視覺更新），直到 for 回圈完成，然后視窗按照它的假設關閉一切都再次解凍。
為什么會發生這種情況，可以解決嗎？
已編輯：一個答案建議使用 root.after 函式來避免凍結，但我在實作它時遇到了問題。這就是我所擁有的：
import tkinter as tk
import tkinter.ttk as ttk
class TopLevelWindow(tk.Toplevel):
def __init__(self, root, *args, **kargs):
super().__init__(root, *args, **kargs)
self.root = root
self.button = ttk.Button(self, text="Exportar excel", command=self.go)
self.button.pack()
self.prog_bar = ttk.Progressbar(self, orient = "horizontal", mode= "determinate")
self.prog_bar.pack()
def heavy_function(self, k, v):
# Calculate some stuff
# Create Pil images and add the to the word file
# Create Matplotlib images and add the to the word file
# Add changes to word file
self.prog_bar["value"] = value_bar
def save_word(self):
#Save the word file
self.quit()
self.destroy()
def go(self):
global dic_Data
# Create word file
value_bar = 100/len(dic_Data)
for k, v in dic_Data.items():
self.root.after(10, lambda: self.heavy_function(k, v))
self.root.after(10, self.save_word)
class App():
def __init__(self, root, *params):
self.root = root
# Code
# dic_Data gets populated
def open_window(self):
popup = TopLevelWindow(self.root)
popup.mainloop()
dic_Data = {}
root = tk.Tk()
app = App(root)
root.mainloop()
uj5u.com熱心網友回復：
tl;dr發生的情況是，這self.go只是花費了太長時間并停止了事件的處理。
每當您激活控制元件時
，都會self.go執行類似的回呼。只要回呼正在運行，事件處理就會中斷。
因此，如果所述回呼花費的時間超過 50 毫秒，您會注意到它。mainloop
在使用事件驅動工具包（如 tkinter）的程式中，基本上有三種方法可以執行長時間運行的作業。
after將使用該方法執行的長時間運行的作業切成小塊。這使得更新進度條變得容易。下面顯示了我自己的代碼中的一個示例。使用 .在單獨的行程中執行長時間運行的作業
multiprocessing。這絕對不會阻塞 GUI。after但是您將需要使用通信原語來告訴 GUI 某個操作已完成，并且 GUI 必須使用該方法定期檢查這些操作。在單獨的執行緒中執行長時間運行的作業。另一個復雜情況是，在 CPython 中，一次只能有一個執行緒執行 Python 位元組碼。所以這不能保證不會阻塞 GUI。但總的來說，Python 3 會經常嘗試切換執行緒。您將需要一個
tkinter啟用執行緒的構建。一個例子如下所示。
（一）示例：使用小步驟解鎖excel檔案
"""Remove passwords from modern excel 2007 files (xlsx, xlsm)."""
from types import SimpleNamespace
import os
import re
import shutil
import stat
import sys
import zipfile
from tkinter import filedialog
from tkinter import ttk
from tkinter.font import nametofont
import tkinter as tk
__version__ = "2022.01.28"
widgets = SimpleNamespace()
state = SimpleNamespace()
def create_widgets(root, w):
"""Create the window and its widgets.
Arguments:
root: the root window.
w: SimpleNamespace to store widgets.
"""
# Set the font.
default_font = nametofont("TkDefaultFont")
default_font.configure(size=12)
root.option_add("*Font", default_font)
# General commands and bindings
root.bind_all('q', do_exit)
root.wm_title('Unlock excel files v' __version__)
root.columnconfigure(3, weight=1)
root.rowconfigure(5, weight=1)
# First row
ttk.Label(root, text='(1)').grid(row=0, column=0, sticky='ew')
w.fb = ttk.Button(root, text="Select file", command=do_file)
w.fb.grid(row=0, column=1, columnspan=2, sticky="w")
w.fn = ttk.Label(root)
w.fn.grid(row=0, column=3, columnspan=2, sticky="ew")
# Second row
ttk.Label(root, text='(2)').grid(row=1, column=0, sticky='ew')
w.backup = tk.IntVar()
w.backup.set(0)
ttk.Checkbutton(root, text='backup', variable=w.backup,
command=on_backup).grid(row=1, column=1, sticky='ew')
w.suffixlabel = ttk.Label(root, text='suffix:', state=tk.DISABLED)
w.suffixlabel.grid(row=1, column=2, sticky='ew')
w.suffix = tk.StringVar()
w.suffix.set('-orig')
se = ttk.Entry(root, justify='left', textvariable=w.suffix, state=tk.DISABLED)
se.grid(row=1, column=3, columnspan=1, sticky='w')
w.suffixentry = se
# Third row
ttk.Label(root, text='(3)').grid(row=2, column=0, sticky='ew')
w.gobtn = ttk.Button(root, text="Go!", command=do_start, state=tk.DISABLED)
w.gobtn.grid(row=2, column=1, sticky='ew')
# Fourth row
ttk.Label(root, text='(4)').grid(row=3, column=0, sticky='ew')
ttk.Label(root, text='Progress:').grid(row=3, column=1, sticky='w')
# Fifth row
sb = tk.Scrollbar(root, orient="vertical")
w.status = tk.Listbox(root, width=60, yscrollcommand=sb.set)
w.status.grid(row=4, rowspan=5, column=1, columnspan=3, sticky="nsew")
sb.grid(row=4, rowspan=5, column=5, sticky="ns")
sb.config(command=w.status.yview)
# Ninth row
ttk.Button(root, text="Quit", command=do_exit).grid(row=9, column=1, sticky='ew')
def initialize_state(s):
"""
Initialize the global state.
Arguments:
s: SimpleNamespace to store application state.
"""
s.interval = 10
s.path = ''
s.inzf, s.outzf = None, None
s.infos = None
s.currinfo = None
s.worksheets_unlocked = 0
s.workbook_unlocked = False
s.directory = None
s.remove = None
def statusmsg(text):
"""Append a message to the status listbox, and make sure it is visible."""
widgets.status.insert(tk.END, text)
widgets.status.see(tk.END)
# Step functions to call in the after() method.
def step_open_zipfiles():
path = widgets.fn['text']
state.path = path
statusmsg(f'Opening “{path}”...')
first, last = path.rsplit('.', maxsplit=1)
if widgets.backup.get():
backupname = first widgets.suffix.get() '.' last
else:
backupname = first '-orig' '.' last
state.remove = backupname
shutil.move(path, backupname)
state.inzf = zipfile.ZipFile(backupname, mode="r")
state.outzf = zipfile.ZipFile(
path, mode="w", compression=zipfile.ZIP_DEFLATED, compresslevel=1
)
root.after(state.interval, step_discover_internal_files)
def step_discover_internal_files():
statusmsg(f'Reading “{state.path}”...')
state.infos = [name for name in state.inzf.infolist()]
state.currinfo = 0
statusmsg(f'“{state.path}” contains {len(state.infos)} internal files.')
root.after(state.interval, step_filter_internal_file)
def step_filter_internal_file():
current = state.infos[state.currinfo]
stat = f'Processing “{current.filename}” ({state.currinfo 1}/{len(state.infos)})...'
statusmsg(stat)
# Doing the actual work
regex = None
data = state.inzf.read(current)
if b'sheetProtect' in data:
regex = r'<sheetProtect.*?/>'
statusmsg(f'Worksheet "{current.filename}" is protected.')
elif b'workbookProtect' in data:
regex = r'<workbookProtect.*?/>'
statusmsg('The workbook is protected')
else:
state.outzf.writestr(current, data)
if regex:
text = data.decode('utf-8')
newtext = re.sub(regex, '', text)
if len(newtext) != len(text):
state.outzf.writestr(current, newtext)
state.worksheets_unlocked = 1
statusmsg(f'Removed password from "{current.filename}".')
# Next iteration or next step.
state.currinfo = 1
if state.currinfo >= len(state.infos):
statusmsg('All internal files processed.')
state.currinfo = None
root.after(state.interval, step_close_zipfiles)
else:
root.after(state.interval, step_filter_internal_file)
def step_close_zipfiles():
statusmsg(f'Writing “{state.path}”...')
state.inzf.close()
state.outzf.close()
state.inzf, state.outzf = None, None
root.after(state.interval, step_finished)
def step_finished():
if state.remove:
os.chmod(state.remove, stat.S_IWRITE)
os.remove(state.remove)
state.remove = None
else:
statusmsg('Removing temporary file')
statusmsg(f'Unlocked {state.worksheets_unlocked} worksheets.')
statusmsg('Finished!')
widgets.gobtn['state'] = 'disabled'
widgets.fn['text'] = ''
state.path = ''
# Widget callbacks
def do_file():
"""Callback to open a file"""
if not state.directory:
state.directory = ''
available = [os.environ[k] for k in ('HOME', 'HOMEDRIVE') if k in os.environ]
if available:
state.directory = available[0]
fn = filedialog.askopenfilename(
title='Excel file to open',
parent=root,
defaultextension='.xlsx',
filetypes=(
('excel files', '*.xls*'), ('all files', '*.*')
),
)
if not fn:
return
state.directory = os.path.dirname(fn)
state.worksheets_unlocked = 0
state.workbook_unlocked = False
state.path = fn
widgets.fn['text'] = fn
widgets.gobtn['state'] = 'enabled'
widgets.status.delete(0, tk.END)
def on_backup():
if widgets.backup.get() == 1:
widgets.suffixlabel['state'] = 'enabled'
widgets.suffixentry['state'] = 'enabled'
else:
widgets.suffixlabel['state'] = 'disabled'
widgets.suffixentry['state'] = 'disabled'
def do_start():
root.after(state.interval, step_open_zipfiles)
def do_exit(arg=None):
"""
Callback to handle quitting.
"""
root.destroy()
if __name__ == '__main__':
# Detach from the command line on UNIX systems.
if os.name == 'posix':
if os.fork():
sys.exit() # Create the GUI window.
root = tk.Tk(None)
# Use a dialog window so that it floats even when using a tiling window
# manager.
root.attributes('-type', 'dialog')
# Don't show hidden files in the file dialog
# https://stackoverflow.com/questions/53220711/how-to-avoid-hidden-files-in-file-picker-using-tkinter-filedialog-askopenfilenam
try:
# call a dummy dialog with an impossible option to initialize the file
# dialog without really getting a dialog window; this will throw a
# TclError, so we need a try...except :
try:
root.tk.call('tk_getOpenFile', '-foobarbaz')
except tk.TclError:
pass
# now set the magic variables accordingly
root.tk.call('set', '::tk::dialog::file::showHiddenBtn', '1')
root.tk.call('set', '::tk::dialog::file::showHiddenVar', '0')
except Exception:
pass
create_widgets(root, widgets)
initialize_state(state)
root.mainloop()
（3）使用執行緒解鎖excel檔案示例
"""Remove passwords from modern excel 2007 files (xlsx, xlsm).
This is a multithreaded version of unlock-excel.pyw. All the work that was
there done in steps in the mainloop is now done in a single additional thread.
There is some confusion whether tkinter is thread-safe. That is, if one can
call tkinter functions and methods from any but the main thread. The
documentation for Python 3 says “yes”. Comments in the C source code for
tkinter say “its complicated” depending on how tcl is built. *Many* online
sources say “no”, but that could just be an echo chamber effect.
The author has tested this code on FreeBSD 12.1-STABLE amd64 using CPython
3.7.7 combined with a tcl built with threading enabled. There at least it
seems to work without problems.
"""
from types import SimpleNamespace
import os
import re
import shutil
import stat
import sys
import threading
import zipfile
from tkinter import filedialog
from tkinter import ttk
from tkinter.font import nametofont
import tkinter as tk
__version__ = "2022.01.28"
widgets = SimpleNamespace()
state = SimpleNamespace()
def create_widgets(root, w):
"""Create the window and its widgets.
Arguments:
root: the root window.
w: SimpleNamespace to store widgets.
"""
# Set the font.
default_font = nametofont("TkDefaultFont")
default_font.configure(size=12)
root.option_add("*Font", default_font)
# General commands and bindings
root.bind_all('q', do_exit)
root.wm_title('Unlock excel files v' __version__)
root.columnconfigure(3, weight=1)
root.rowconfigure(5, weight=1)
# First row
ttk.Label(root, text='(1)').grid(row=0, column=0, sticky='ew')
w.fb = ttk.Button(root, text="Select file", command=do_file)
w.fb.grid(row=0, column=1, columnspan=2, sticky="w")
w.fn = ttk.Label(root)
w.fn.grid(row=0, column=3, columnspan=2, sticky="ew")
# Second row
ttk.Label(root, text='(2)').grid(row=1, column=0, sticky='ew')
w.backup = tk.IntVar()
w.backup.set(0)
ttk.Checkbutton(root, text='backup', variable=w.backup,
command=on_backup).grid(row=1, column=1, sticky='ew')
w.suffixlabel = ttk.Label(root, text='suffix:', state=tk.DISABLED)
w.suffixlabel.grid(row=1, column=2, sticky='ew')
w.suffix = tk.StringVar()
w.suffix.set('-orig')
se = ttk.Entry(root, justify='left', textvariable=w.suffix, state=tk.DISABLED)
se.grid(row=1, column=3, columnspan=1, sticky='w')
w.suffixentry = se
# Third row
ttk.Label(root, text='(3)').grid(row=2, column=0, sticky='ew')
w.gobtn = ttk.Button(root, text="Go!", command=do_start, state=tk.DISABLED)
w.gobtn.grid(row=2, column=1, sticky='ew')
# Fourth row
ttk.Label(root, text='(4)').grid(row=3, column=0, sticky='ew')
ttk.Label(root, text='Progress:').grid(row=3, column=1, sticky='w')
# Fifth row
sb = tk.Scrollbar(root, orient="vertical")
w.status = tk.Listbox(root, width=60, yscrollcommand=sb.set)
w.status.grid(row=4, rowspan=5, column=1, columnspan=3, sticky="nsew")
sb.grid(row=4, rowspan=5, column=5, sticky="ns")
sb.config(command=w.status.yview)
# Ninth row
ttk.Button(root, text="Quit", command=do_exit).grid(row=9, column=1, sticky='ew')
def initialize_state(s):
"""
Initialize the global state.
Arguments:
s: SimpleNamespace to store application state.
"""
s.directory = None
def statusmsg(text):
"""Append a message to the status listbox, and make sure it is visible."""
widgets.status.insert(tk.END, text)
widgets.status.see(tk.END)
def process_zipfile_thread():
"""Function to process a zip-file. This is to be run in a thread."""
path = widgets.fn['text']
statusmsg(f'Opening “{path}”...')
first, last = path.rsplit('.', maxsplit=1)
if widgets.backup.get():
backupname = first widgets.suffix.get() '.' last
remove = None
else:
backupname = first '-orig' '.' last
remove = backupname
shutil.move(path, backupname)
with zipfile.ZipFile(backupname, mode="r") as inzf, \
zipfile.ZipFile(
path, mode="w", compression=zipfile.ZIP_DEFLATED, compresslevel=1
) as outzf:
statusmsg(f'Reading “{path}”...')
infos = [name for name in inzf.infolist()]
statusmsg(f'“{path}” contains {len(infos)} internal files.')
worksheets_unlocked = 0
for idx, current in enumerate(infos, start=1):
smsg = f'Processing “{current.filename}” ({idx}/{len(infos)})...'
statusmsg(smsg)
# Doing the actual work
regex = None
data = inzf.read(current)
if b'sheetProtect' in data:
regex = r'<sheetProtect.*?/>'
statusmsg(f'Worksheet "{current.filename}" is protected.')
elif b'workbookProtect' in data:
regex = r'<workbookProtect.*?/>'
statusmsg('The workbook is protected')
else:
outzf.writestr(current, data)
if regex:
text = data.decode('utf-8')
newtext = re.sub(regex, '', text)
if len(newtext) != len(text):
outzf.writestr(current, newtext)
worksheets_unlocked = 1
statusmsg(f'Removed password from "{current.filename}".')
statusmsg('All internal files processed.')
statusmsg(f'Writing “{path}”...')
if remove:
os.chmod(remove, stat.S_IWRITE)
os.remove(remove)
else:
statusmsg('Removing temporary file')
statusmsg(f'Unlocked {state.worksheets_unlocked} worksheets.')
statusmsg('Finished!')
widgets.gobtn['state'] = 'disabled'
widgets.fn['text'] = ''
# Widget callbacks
def do_file():
"""Callback to open a file"""
if not state.directory:
state.directory = ''
available = [os.environ[k] for k in ('HOME', 'HOMEDRIVE') if k in os.environ]
if available:
state.directory = available[0]
fn = filedialog.askopenfilename(
title='Excel file to open',
parent=root,
defaultextension='.xlsx',
filetypes=(('excel files', '*.xls*'), ('all files', '*.*')),
)
if not fn:
return
state.directory = os.path.dirname(fn)
state.worksheets_unlocked = 0
state.workbook_unlocked = False
widgets.fn['text'] = fn
widgets.gobtn['state'] = 'enabled'
widgets.status.delete(0, tk.END)
def on_backup():
if widgets.backup.get() == 1:
widgets.suffixlabel['state'] = 'enabled'
widgets.suffixentry['state'] = 'enabled'
else:
widgets.suffixlabel['state'] = 'disabled'
widgets.suffixentry['state'] = 'disabled'
def do_start():
worker = threading.Thread(target=process_zipfile_thread)
worker.start()
def do_exit(arg=None):
"""
Callback to handle quitting.
"""
root.destroy()
if __name__ == '__main__':
# Detach from the command line on UNIX systems.
if os.name == 'posix':
if os.fork():
sys.exit()
# Create the GUI window.
root = tk.Tk(None)
# Use a dialog window so that it floats even when using a tiling window manager.
if os.name == 'posix':
root.attributes('-type', 'dialog')
# Don't show hidden files in the file dialog
# https://stackoverflow.com/questions/53220711/how-to-avoid-hidden-files-in-file-picker-using-tkinter-filedialog-askopenfilenam
try:
# call a dummy dialog with an impossible option to initialize the file
# dialog without really getting a dialog window; this will throw a
# TclError, so we need a try...except :
try:
root.tk.call('tk_getOpenFile', '-foobarbaz')
except tk.TclError:
pass
# now set the magic variables accordingly
root.tk.call('set', '::tk::dialog::file::showHiddenBtn', '1')
root.tk.call('set', '::tk::dialog::file::showHiddenVar', '0')
except Exception:
pass
create_widgets(root, widgets)
initialize_state(state)
root.mainloop()
uj5u.com熱心網友回復：
我已經設法實作了 Roland Smith 答案選項 1。現在它可以作業了，希望這是有道理的：
import tkinter as tk
import tkinter.ttk as ttk
class TopLevelWindow(tk.Toplevel):
def __init__(self, root, *args, **kargs):
super().__init__(root, *args, **kargs)
self.root = root
self.button = ttk.Button(self, text="Exportar excel", command=self.go)
self.button.pack()
self.prog_bar = ttk.Progressbar(self, orient = "horizontal", mode= "determinate")
self.prog_bar.pack()
def heavy_function(self):
try:
k, v = next(self.order)
except StopIteration:
self.after(10, self.save_word)
return
# Calculate some stuff
# Create Pil images and add the to the word file
# Create Matplotlib images and add the to the word file
self.prog_bar["value"] = self.value_bar
self.after(10, self.heavy_function)
def save_word(self):
#Save the word file
self.quit()
self.destroy()
def go(self):
global dic_Data
# Create word file
self.value_bar = 100/len(dic_Data)
self.order = iter(dic_Data.items())
self.after(10, self.heavy_function)
class App():
def __init__(self, root, *params):
self.root = root
# Code
# dic_Data gets populated
def open_window(self):
popup = TopLevelWindow(self.root)
popup.mainloop()
dic_Data = {}
root = tk.Tk()
app = App(root)
root.mainloop()
uj5u.com熱心網友回復：
您已將按鈕命名為與函式 (go) 同名的名稱。相反，您必須將其命名為其他名稱并將其與進度條一起打包：
import time
import tkinter as tk
import tkinter.ttk as ttk
class TopLevelWindow(tk.Toplevel):
def __init__(self, root, *args, **kargs):
super().__init__(root, *args, **kargs)
self.root = root
self.button = ttk.Button(self, text="Exportar excel", command=self.go)
self.button.pack() # packing button
self.prog_bar = ttk.Progressbar(self, orient="horizontal", mode="determinate")
self.prog_bar.pack() # packing progress bar
def go(self):
global dic_Data
# Create word file
value_bar = 100 / len(dic_Data)
for k, v in dic_Data.items():
time.sleep(1) # to visualize the progressbar
# Calculate some stuff
# Create Pil images and add them to the word file
# Create Matplotlib images and add them to the word file
self.prog_bar["value"] = value_bar
self.root.update_idletasks()
# Save the word file
self.quit()
self.destroy()
class App:
def __init__(self, root, *params):
self.root = root
# Code
# dic_Data gets populated
def open_window(self):
popup = TopLevelWindow(self.root)
popup.mainloop()
# some data to avoid divide by zero
dic_Data = {'a': 'Something', 'B': 'Something else', 'C': 'Nothing', 'D': 'Nothing else'}
root = tk.Tk()
app = App(root)
app.open_window() # calling the open window function
root.mainloop()
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