Flask開發技巧之例外處理
目錄- Flask開發技巧之例外處理
- 1、Flask內置例外處理
- 2、HTTPException類分析
- 3、自定義例外處理類
- 4、方便的定義自己的錯誤類
- 5、注意事項
本人平時開發中使用的,或者學習到的一些flask開發技巧整理,需要已有較為扎實的flask基礎,
1、Flask內置例外處理
要想在Flask中處理好例外,有一套自己的例外處理機制,首先,我們必須先知道Flask自己是如何處理例外的,去flask的原始碼里找一找會發現,在flask原始碼的app.py檔案下,有很多會拋出例外的方法,其中拿一個舉例:
def handle_exception(self, e):
"""Default exception handling that kicks in when an exception
occurs that is not caught. In debug mode the exception will
be re-raised immediately, otherwise it is logged and the handler
for a 500 internal server error is used. If no such handler
exists, a default 500 internal server error message is displayed.
.. versionadded:: 0.3
"""
exc_type, exc_value, tb = sys.exc_info()
got_request_exception.send(self, exception=e)
handler = self._find_error_handler(InternalServerError())
if self.propagate_exceptions:
# if we want to repropagate the exception, we can attempt to
# raise it with the whole traceback in case we can do that
# (the function was actually called from the except part)
# otherwise, we just raise the error again
if exc_value is e:
reraise(exc_type, exc_value, tb)
else:
raise e
self.log_exception((exc_type, exc_value, tb))
if handler is None:
return InternalServerError()
return self.finalize_request(handler(e), from_error_handler=True)
我們發現在flask內部對于500例外,會拋出這樣一個錯誤類InternalServerError()
class InternalServerError(HTTPException):
......
至此我們發現flask內部例外通過繼承這個HTTPException類來處理,那么這個HTTPException類就是我們研究的重點,
2、HTTPException類分析
@implements_to_string
class HTTPException(Exception):
"""Baseclass for all HTTP exceptions. This exception can be called as WSGI
application to render a default error page or you can catch the subclasses
of it independently and render nicer error messages.
"""
code = None
description = None
def __init__(self, description=None, response=None):
super(HTTPException, self).__init__()
if description is not None:
self.description = description
self.response = response
@classmethod
def wrap(cls, exception, name=None):
"""Create an exception that is a subclass of the calling HTTP
exception and the ``exception`` argument.
The first argument to the class will be passed to the
wrapped ``exception``, the rest to the HTTP exception. If
``e.args`` is not empty and ``e.show_exception`` is ``True``,
the wrapped exception message is added to the HTTP error
description.
.. versionchanged:: 0.15.5
The ``show_exception`` attribute controls whether the
description includes the wrapped exception message.
.. versionchanged:: 0.15.0
The description includes the wrapped exception message.
"""
class newcls(cls, exception):
_description = cls.description
show_exception = False
def __init__(self, arg=None, *args, **kwargs):
super(cls, self).__init__(*args, **kwargs)
if arg is None:
exception.__init__(self)
else:
exception.__init__(self, arg)
@property
def description(self):
if self.show_exception:
return "{}\n{}: {}".format(
self._description, exception.__name__, exception.__str__(self)
)
return self._description
@description.setter
def description(self, value):
self._description = value
newcls.__module__ = sys._getframe(1).f_globals.get("__name__")
name = name or cls.__name__ + exception.__name__
newcls.__name__ = newcls.__qualname__ = name
return newcls
@property
def name(self):
"""The status name."""
from .http import HTTP_STATUS_CODES
return HTTP_STATUS_CODES.get(self.code, "Unknown Error")
def get_description(self, environ=None):
"""Get the description."""
return u"<p>%s</p>" % escape(self.description).replace("\n", "<br>")
def get_body(self, environ=None):
"""Get the HTML body."""
return text_type(
(
u'<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 3.2 Final//EN">\n'
u"<title>%(code)s %(name)s</title>\n"
u"<h1>%(name)s</h1>\n"
u"%(description)s\n"
)
% {
"code": self.code,
"name": escape(self.name),
"description": self.get_description(environ),
}
)
def get_headers(self, environ=None):
"""Get a list of headers."""
return [("Content-Type", "text/html; charset=utf-8")]
def get_response(self, environ=None):
"""Get a response object. If one was passed to the exception
it's returned directly.
:param environ: the optional environ for the request. This
can be used to modify the response depending
on how the request looked like.
:return: a :class:`Response` object or a subclass thereof.
"""
from .wrappers.response import Response
if self.response is not None:
return self.response
if environ is not None:
environ = _get_environ(environ)
headers = self.get_headers(environ)
return Response(self.get_body(environ), self.code, headers)
......
-
截取這個類比較重要的幾個方法分析,
get_headers方法定義了這個回傳的回應頭,回傳的是html檔案, -
get_body方法定義了回傳的回應體,對應也是一段html的內容, -
最后在Response中將回應體,狀態碼,回應頭定義好回傳,
分析至此,其實這個HTTPException中做的事也不難理解,就是定義好回應體,狀態碼,還有回應頭,做了一個回傳,當然這個類回傳是html型別的,現在前后端分離互動都是json形式的回傳,所以我們可以繼承自這個類,定義我們自己的例外處理類,
3、自定義例外處理類
首先我們理解我們自己的這個例外處理類,應該繼承自HTTPException來改寫,而我們自定義的內容應該包含以下幾點:
- 需要定義我們自己想要回傳的錯誤資訊的json格式,比如內部錯誤碼、錯誤資訊等我們想記錄的資訊,
- 需要更改回傳的回應頭,回傳json格式的資訊回應頭就應該設為
'Content-Type': 'application/json' - 同樣需要和HTTPException一樣定義好狀態碼
如下定義我們自己的例外類APIException,回傳的資訊包括內部錯誤碼,錯誤資訊,請求的url
class APIException(HTTPException):
code = 500
msg = 'sorry, we made a mistake!'
error_code = 999
def __init__(self, msg=None, code=None, error_code=None, headers=None):
if code:
self.code = code
if error_code:
self.error_code = error_code
if msg:
self.msg = msg
super(APIException, self).__init__(msg, None)
def get_body(self, environ=None):
body = dict(
msg=self.msg,
error_code=self.error_code,
request=request.method + ' ' + self.get_url_no_param()
)
text = json.dumps(body)
return text
def get_headers(self, environ=None):
"""Get a list of headers."""
return [('Content-Type', 'application/json')]
@staticmethod
def get_url_no_param():
full_path = str(request.full_path)
main_path = full_path.split('?')
return main_path[0]
4、方便的定義自己的錯誤類
有了上面我們改寫好的APIException類,我們就可以自由的定義各種狀態碼的錯誤以及對應的錯誤資訊,然后在合適的位置拋出,比如:
class Success(APIException):
code = 201
msg = 'ok'
error_code = 0
class DeleteSuccess(APIException):
code = 202
msg = 'delete ok'
error_code = 1
class UpdateSuccess(APIException):
code = 200
msg = 'update ok'
error_code = 2
class ServerError(APIException):
code = 500
msg = 'sorry, we made a mistake!'
error_code = 999
class ParameterException(APIException):
code = 400
msg = 'invalid parameter'
error_code = 1000
class NotFound(APIException):
code = 404
msg = 'the resource are not found'
error_code = 1001
class AuthFailed(APIException):
code = 401
msg = 'authorization failed'
error_code = 1005
class Forbidden(APIException):
code = 403
error_code = 1004
msg = 'forbidden, not in scope'
有了這些自定義的錯誤類,我們不僅可以直接在需要的地方拋出,而且有了自定義的錯誤碼,發生錯誤時,只要對照錯誤碼去查找對應的錯誤類,非常方便,而且特別說明的是,雖然說是錯誤類,但是也是可以定義回應成功的回傳的,比如上面定義的200,201的類,同樣可以作為一個成功的回傳,
使用演示:
user = User.query.first()
if not user:
raise NotFound()
5、注意事項
盡管我們可以在我們認為可能出錯的所有地方,繼承自己的例外類,定義自己的錯誤類,然后拋出,但是也不是所有的例外都是我們可以提前預知的,比如我們接受前端傳來的引數,引數型別或取值范圍不正確,這些我們可以預知并處理好,但是如果是邏輯處理中出現了問題,這些不是我們程式員可以控制并處理,所以光有自定義錯誤類還不夠,我們還需要在全域捕獲例外來判斷,利用AOP思想,
# 全域錯誤AOP處理
@app.errorhandler(Exception)
def framework_error(e):
api_logger.error("error info: %s" % e) # 對錯誤進行日志記錄
if isinstance(e, APIException):
return e
if isinstance(e, HTTPException):
code = e.code
msg = e.description
error_code = 1007
return APIException(msg, code, error_code)
else:
if not app.config['DEBUG']:
return ServerError()
else:
return e
這里對于flask中拋出的所有的錯誤進行捕獲,然后先進行日志的記錄,然后判斷如果是我們自定義的APIException,就直接回傳,如果不是我們自定義的,但是是flask處理的HTTPException,包裝成我們自定義的APIException再回傳,如果都不是的話,說明是服務器出現的其他錯誤,問題一般出在我們的代碼上,在生產環境下,一般統一回傳一個500錯誤,在除錯模式下,可以原樣回傳,便于我們定位修改自己的代碼,
關于flask的例外處理,以上就是我目前掌握的一些技巧,如有錯誤歡迎指出,
博客園: https://www.cnblogs.com/luyuze95/
GitHub: https://github.com/luyuze95
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標籤:Python
