作者:alben
來源:https://albenw.github.io/posts/69a9647f/
概要
Spring實作了一套重試機制,功能簡單實用,Spring Retry是從Spring Batch獨立出來的一個功能,已經廣泛應用于Spring Batch,Spring Integration, Spring for Apache Hadoop等Spring專案,
本文將講述如何使用Spring Retry及其實作原理,
背景
重試,其實我們其實很多時候都需要的,為了保證容錯性,可用性,一致性等,一般用來應對外部系統的一些不可預料的回傳、例外等,特別是網路延遲,中斷等情況,還有在現在流行的微服務治理框架中,通常都有自己的重試與超時配置,比如dubbo可以設定retries=1,timeout=500呼叫失敗只重試1次,超過500ms呼叫仍未回傳則呼叫失敗,
如果我們要做重試,要為特定的某個操作做重試功能,則要硬編碼,大概邏輯基本都是寫個回圈,根據回傳或例外,計數失敗次數,然后設定退出條件, 這樣做,且不說每個操作都要寫這種類似的代碼,而且重試邏輯和業務邏輯混在一起,給維護和擴展帶來了麻煩,
從面向物件的角度來看,我們應該把重試的代碼獨立出來,
使用介紹
基本使用
先舉個例子:
@Configuration
@EnableRetry
public class Application {
@Bean
public RetryService retryService(){
return new RetryService();
}
public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception{
ApplicationContext applicationContext = new AnnotationConfigApplicationContext("springretry");
RetryService service1 = applicationContext.getBean("service", RetryService.class);
service1.service();
}
}
@Service("service")
public class RetryService {
@Retryable(value = https://www.cnblogs.com/javastack/p/IllegalAccessException.class, maxAttempts = 5,
backoff= @Backoff(value = 1500, maxDelay = 100000, multiplier = 1.2))
public void service() throws IllegalAccessException {
System.out.println("service method...");
throw new IllegalAccessException("manual exception");
}
@Recover
public void recover(IllegalAccessException e){
System.out.println("service retry after Recover => " + e.getMessage());
}
}
@EnableRetry - 表示開啟重試機制
@Retryable - 表示這個方法需要重試,它有很豐富的引數,可以滿足你對重試的需求
@Backoff - 表示重試中的退避策略
@Recover - 兜底方法,即多次重試后還是失敗就會執行這個方法
Spring-Retry 的功能豐富在于其重試策略和退避策略,還有兜底,監聽器等操作,
然后每個注解里面的引數,都是很簡單的,大家看一下就知道是什么意思,怎么用了,我就不多講了,
重試策略
看一下Spring Retry自帶的一些重試策略,主要是用來判斷當方法呼叫例外時是否需要重試,(下文原理部分會深入分析實作)

- SimpleRetryPolicy
默認最多重試3次 - TimeoutRetryPolicy
默認在1秒內失敗都會重試 - ExpressionRetryPolicy
符合運算式就會重試 - CircuitBreakerRetryPolicy
增加了熔斷的機制,如果不在熔斷狀態,則允許重試 - CompositeRetryPolicy
可以組合多個重試策略 - NeverRetryPolicy
從不重試(也是一種重試策略哈) - AlwaysRetryPolicy
總是重試
….等等
退避策略
看一下退避策略,退避是指怎么去做下一次的重試,在這里其實就是等待多長時間,(下文原理部分會深入分析實作)

- FixedBackOffPolicy
默認固定延遲1秒后執行下一次重試 - ExponentialBackOffPolicy
指數遞增延遲執行重試,默認初始0.1秒,系數是2,那么下次延遲0.2秒,再下次就是延遲0.4秒,如此類推,最大30秒, - ExponentialRandomBackOffPolicy
在上面那個策略上增加隨機性 - UniformRandomBackOffPolicy
這個跟上面的區別就是,上面的延遲會不停遞增,這個只會在固定的區間隨機 - StatelessBackOffPolicy
這個說明是無狀態的,所謂無狀態就是對上次的退避無感知,從它下面的子類也能看出來
原理
原理部分我想分開兩部分來講,一是重試機制的切入點,即它是如何使得你的代碼實作重試功能的;二是重試機制的詳細,包括重試的邏輯以及重試策略和退避策略的實作,另外,關注公眾號Java技術堆疊,在后臺回復:面試,可以獲取我整理的 Spring 系列面試題和答案,非常齊全,
切入點
@EnableRetry
@Target(ElementType.TYPE)
@Retention(RetentionPolicy.RUNTIME)
@EnableAspectJAutoProxy(proxyTargetClass = false)
@Import(RetryConfiguration.class)
@Documented
public @interface EnableRetry {
/**
* Indicate whether subclass-based (CGLIB) proxies are to be created as opposed
* to standard Java interface-based proxies. The default is {@code false}.
*
* @return whether to proxy or not to proxy the class
*/
boolean proxyTargetClass() default false;
}
我們可以看到
@EnableAspectJAutoProxy(proxyTargetClass = false)
這個并不陌生,就是打開Spring AOP功能,
重點看看@Import(RetryConfiguration.class)
@Import相當于注冊這個Bean
我們看看這個RetryConfiguration是個什么東西:

它是一個AbstractPointcutAdvisor,它有一個pointcut和一個advice,我們知道,在IOC程序中會根據PointcutAdvisor類來對Bean進行Pointcut的過濾,然后生成對應的AOP代理類,用advice來加強處理,
看看RetryConfiguration的初始化:
@PostConstruct
public void init() {
Set<Class<? extends Annotation>> retryableAnnotationTypes = new LinkedHashSet<Class<? extends Annotation>>(1);
retryableAnnotationTypes.add(Retryable.class);
//創建pointcut
this.pointcut = buildPointcut(retryableAnnotationTypes);
//創建advice
this.advice = buildAdvice();
if (this.advice instanceof BeanFactoryAware) {
((BeanFactoryAware) this.advice).setBeanFactory(beanFactory);
}
}
protected Pointcut buildPointcut(Set<Class<? extends Annotation>> retryAnnotationTypes) {
ComposablePointcut result = null;
for (Class<? extends Annotation> retryAnnotationType : retryAnnotationTypes) {
Pointcut filter = new AnnotationClassOrMethodPointcut(retryAnnotationType);
if (result == null) {
result = new ComposablePointcut(filter);
}
else {
result.union(filter);
}
}
return result;
}
上面代碼用到了AnnotationClassOrMethodPointcut,其實它最侄訓是用到了AnnotationMethodMatcher來根據注解進行切入點的過濾,這里就是@Retryable注解了,
//創建advice物件,即攔截器
protected Advice buildAdvice() {
//下面關注這個物件
AnnotationAwareRetryOperationsInterceptor interceptor = new AnnotationAwareRetryOperationsInterceptor();
if (retryContextCache != null) {
interceptor.setRetryContextCache(retryContextCache);
}
if (retryListeners != null) {
interceptor.setListeners(retryListeners);
}
if (methodArgumentsKeyGenerator != null) {
interceptor.setKeyGenerator(methodArgumentsKeyGenerator);
}
if (newMethodArgumentsIdentifier != null) {
interceptor.setNewItemIdentifier(newMethodArgumentsIdentifier);
}
if (sleeper != null) {
interceptor.setSleeper(sleeper);
}
return interceptor;
}
AnnotationAwareRetryOperationsInterceptor
繼承關系

可以看出AnnotationAwareRetryOperationsInterceptor是一個MethodInterceptor,在創建AOP代理程序中如果目標方法符合pointcut的規則,它就會加到interceptor串列中,然后做增強,我們看看invoke方法做了什么增強,
@Override
public Object invoke(MethodInvocation invocation) throws Throwable {
MethodInterceptor delegate = getDelegate(invocation.getThis(), invocation.getMethod());
if (delegate != null) {
return delegate.invoke(invocation);
}
else {
return invocation.proceed();
}
}
這里用到了委托,主要是需要根據配置委托給具體“有狀態”的interceptor還是“無狀態”的interceptor,
private MethodInterceptor getDelegate(Object target, Method method) {
if (!this.delegates.containsKey(target) || !this.delegates.get(target).containsKey(method)) {
synchronized (this.delegates) {
if (!this.delegates.containsKey(target)) {
this.delegates.put(target, new HashMap<Method, MethodInterceptor>());
}
Map<Method, MethodInterceptor> delegatesForTarget = this.delegates.get(target);
if (!delegatesForTarget.containsKey(method)) {
Retryable retryable = AnnotationUtils.findAnnotation(method, Retryable.class);
if (retryable == null) {
retryable = AnnotationUtils.findAnnotation(method.getDeclaringClass(), Retryable.class);
}
if (retryable == null) {
retryable = findAnnotationOnTarget(target, method);
}
if (retryable == null) {
return delegatesForTarget.put(method, null);
}
MethodInterceptor delegate;
//支持自定義MethodInterceptor,而且優先級最高
if (StringUtils.hasText(retryable.interceptor())) {
delegate = this.beanFactory.getBean(retryable.interceptor(), MethodInterceptor.class);
}
else if (retryable.stateful()) {
//得到“有狀態”的interceptor
delegate = getStatefulInterceptor(target, method, retryable);
}
else {
//得到“無狀態”的interceptor
delegate = getStatelessInterceptor(target, method, retryable);
}
delegatesForTarget.put(method, delegate);
}
}
}
return this.delegates.get(target).get(method);
}
getStatefulInterceptor和getStatelessInterceptor都是差不多,我們先看看比較簡單的getStatelessInterceptor,
private MethodInterceptor getStatelessInterceptor(Object target, Method method, Retryable retryable) {
//生成一個RetryTemplate
RetryTemplate template = createTemplate(retryable.listeners());
//生成retryPolicy
template.setRetryPolicy(getRetryPolicy(retryable));
//生成backoffPolicy
template.setBackOffPolicy(getBackoffPolicy(retryable.backoff()));
return RetryInterceptorBuilder.stateless()
.retryOperations(template)
.label(retryable.label())
.recoverer(getRecoverer(target, method))
.build();
}
具體生成retryPolicy和backoffPolicy的規則,我們等下再回頭來看,
RetryInterceptorBuilder其實就是為了生成RetryOperationsInterceptor,RetryOperationsInterceptor也是一個MethodInterceptor,我們來看看它的invoke方法,
public Object invoke(final MethodInvocation invocation) throws Throwable {
String name;
if (StringUtils.hasText(label)) {
name = label;
} else {
name = invocation.getMethod().toGenericString();
}
final String label = name;
//定義了一個RetryCallback,其實看它的doWithRetry方法,呼叫了invocation的proceed()方法,是不是有點眼熟,這就是AOP的攔截鏈呼叫,如果沒有攔截鏈,那就是對原來方法的呼叫,
RetryCallback<Object, Throwable> retryCallback = new RetryCallback<Object, Throwable>() {
public Object doWithRetry(RetryContext context) throws Exception {
context.setAttribute(RetryContext.NAME, label);
/*
* If we don't copy the invocation carefully it won't keep a reference to
* the other interceptors in the chain. We don't have a choice here but to
* specialise to ReflectiveMethodInvocation (but how often would another
* implementation come along?).
*/
if (invocation instanceof ProxyMethodInvocation) {
try {
return ((ProxyMethodInvocation) invocation).invocableClone().proceed();
}
catch (Exception e) {
throw e;
}
catch (Error e) {
throw e;
}
catch (Throwable e) {
throw new IllegalStateException(e);
}
}
else {
throw new IllegalStateException(
"MethodInvocation of the wrong type detected - this should not happen with Spring AOP, " +
"so please raise an issue if you see this exception");
}
}
};
if (recoverer != null) {
ItemRecovererCallback recoveryCallback = new ItemRecovererCallback(
invocation.getArguments(), recoverer);
return this.retryOperations.execute(retryCallback, recoveryCallback);
}
//最侄訓是進入到retryOperations的execute方法,這個retryOperations就是在之前的builder set進來的RetryTemplate,
return this.retryOperations.execute(retryCallback);
}
無論是RetryOperationsInterceptor還是StatefulRetryOperationsInterceptor,最終的攔截處理邏輯還是呼叫到RetryTemplate的execute方法,從名字也看出來,RetryTemplate作為一個模板類,里面包含了重試統一邏輯,
不過,我看這個RetryTemplate并不是很“模板”,因為它沒有很多可以擴展的地方,
重試邏輯及策略實作
上面介紹了Spring Retry利用了AOP代理使重試機制對業務代碼進行“入侵”,下面我們繼續看看重試的邏輯做了什么,
RetryTemplate的doExecute方法,
protected <T, E extends Throwable> T doExecute(RetryCallback<T, E> retryCallback,
RecoveryCallback<T> recoveryCallback, RetryState state)
throws E, ExhaustedRetryException {
RetryPolicy retryPolicy = this.retryPolicy;
BackOffPolicy backOffPolicy = this.backOffPolicy;
//新建一個RetryContext來保存本輪重試的背景關系
RetryContext context = open(retryPolicy, state);
if (this.logger.isTraceEnabled()) {
this.logger.trace("RetryContext retrieved: " + context);
}
// Make sure the context is available globally for clients who need
// it...
RetrySynchronizationManager.register(context);
Throwable lastException = null;
boolean exhausted = false;
try {
//如果有注冊RetryListener,則會呼叫它的open方法,給呼叫者一個通知,
boolean running = doOpenInterceptors(retryCallback, context);
if (!running) {
throw new TerminatedRetryException(
"Retry terminated abnormally by interceptor before first attempt");
}
// Get or Start the backoff context...
BackOffContext backOffContext = null;
Object resource = context.getAttribute("backOffContext");
if (resource instanceof BackOffContext) {
backOffContext = (BackOffContext) resource;
}
if (backOffContext == null) {
backOffContext = backOffPolicy.start(context);
if (backOffContext != null) {
context.setAttribute("backOffContext", backOffContext);
}
}
//判斷能否重試,就是呼叫RetryPolicy的canRetry方法來判斷,
//這個回圈會直到原方法不拋出例外,或不需要再重試
while (canRetry(retryPolicy, context) && !context.isExhaustedOnly()) {
try {
if (this.logger.isDebugEnabled()) {
this.logger.debug("Retry: count=" + context.getRetryCount());
}
//清除上次記錄的例外
lastException = null;
//doWithRetry方法,一般來說就是原方法
return retryCallback.doWithRetry(context);
}
catch (Throwable e) {
//原方法拋出了例外
lastException = e;
try {
//記錄例外資訊
registerThrowable(retryPolicy, state, context, e);
}
catch (Exception ex) {
throw new TerminatedRetryException("Could not register throwable",
ex);
}
finally {
//呼叫RetryListener的onError方法
doOnErrorInterceptors(retryCallback, context, e);
}
//再次判斷能否重試
if (canRetry(retryPolicy, context) && !context.isExhaustedOnly()) {
try {
//如果可以重試則走退避策略
backOffPolicy.backOff(backOffContext);
}
catch (BackOffInterruptedException ex) {
lastException = e;
// back off was prevented by another thread - fail the retry
if (this.logger.isDebugEnabled()) {
this.logger
.debug("Abort retry because interrupted: count="
+ context.getRetryCount());
}
throw ex;
}
}
if (this.logger.isDebugEnabled()) {
this.logger.debug(
"Checking for rethrow: count=" + context.getRetryCount());
}
if (shouldRethrow(retryPolicy, context, state)) {
if (this.logger.isDebugEnabled()) {
this.logger.debug("Rethrow in retry for policy: count="
+ context.getRetryCount());
}
throw RetryTemplate.<E>wrapIfNecessary(e);
}
}
/*
* A stateful attempt that can retry may rethrow the exception before now,
* but if we get this far in a stateful retry there's a reason for it,
* like a circuit breaker or a rollback classifier.
*/
if (state != null && context.hasAttribute(GLOBAL_STATE)) {
break;
}
}
if (state == null && this.logger.isDebugEnabled()) {
this.logger.debug(
"Retry failed last attempt: count=" + context.getRetryCount());
}
exhausted = true;
//重試結束后如果有兜底Recovery方法則執行,否則拋例外
return handleRetryExhausted(recoveryCallback, context, state);
}
catch (Throwable e) {
throw RetryTemplate.<E>wrapIfNecessary(e);
}
finally {
//處理一些關閉邏輯
close(retryPolicy, context, state, lastException == null || exhausted);
//呼叫RetryListener的close方法
doCloseInterceptors(retryCallback, context, lastException);
RetrySynchronizationManager.clear();
}
}
主要核心重試邏輯就是上面的代碼了,看上去還是挺簡單的,
在上面,我們漏掉了RetryPolicy的canRetry方法和BackOffPolicy的backOff方法,以及這兩個Policy是怎么來的,
我們回頭看看getStatelessInterceptor方法中的getRetryPolicy和getRetryPolicy方法,
private RetryPolicy getRetryPolicy(Annotation retryable) {
Map<String, Object> attrs = AnnotationUtils.getAnnotationAttributes(retryable);
@SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
Class<? extends Throwable>[] includes = (Class<? extends Throwable>[]) attrs.get("value");
String exceptionExpression = (String) attrs.get("exceptionExpression");
boolean hasExpression = StringUtils.hasText(exceptionExpression);
if (includes.length == 0) {
@SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
Class<? extends Throwable>[] value = https://www.cnblogs.com/javastack/p/(Class<? extends Throwable>[]) attrs.get("include");
includes = value;
}
@SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
Class<? extends Throwable>[] excludes = (Class<? extends Throwable>[]) attrs.get("exclude");
Integer maxAttempts = (Integer) attrs.get("maxAttempts");
String maxAttemptsExpression = (String) attrs.get("maxAttemptsExpression");
if (StringUtils.hasText(maxAttemptsExpression)) {
maxAttempts = PARSER.parseExpression(resolve(maxAttemptsExpression), PARSER_CONTEXT)
.getValue(this.evaluationContext, Integer.class);
}
if (includes.length == 0 && excludes.length == 0) {
SimpleRetryPolicy simple = hasExpression ? new ExpressionRetryPolicy(resolve(exceptionExpression))
.withBeanFactory(this.beanFactory)
: new SimpleRetryPolicy();
simple.setMaxAttempts(maxAttempts);
return simple;
}
Map<Class<? extends Throwable>, Boolean> policyMap = new HashMap<Class<? extends Throwable>, Boolean>();
for (Class<? extends Throwable> type : includes) {
policyMap.put(type, true);
}
for (Class<? extends Throwable> type : excludes) {
policyMap.put(type, false);
}
boolean retryNotExcluded = includes.length == 0;
if (hasExpression) {
return new ExpressionRetryPolicy(maxAttempts, policyMap, true, exceptionExpression, retryNotExcluded)
.withBeanFactory(this.beanFactory);
}
else {
return new SimpleRetryPolicy(maxAttempts, policyMap, true, retryNotExcluded);
}
}
嗯~,代碼不難,這里簡單做一下總結好了,就是通過@Retryable注解中的引數,來判斷具體使用文章開頭說到的哪個重試策略,是SimpleRetryPolicy還是ExpressionRetryPolicy等,
private BackOffPolicy getBackoffPolicy(Backoff backoff) {
long min = backoff.delay() == 0 ? backoff.value() : backoff.delay();
if (StringUtils.hasText(backoff.delayExpression())) {
min = PARSER.parseExpression(resolve(backoff.delayExpression()), PARSER_CONTEXT)
.getValue(this.evaluationContext, Long.class);
}
long max = backoff.maxDelay();
if (StringUtils.hasText(backoff.maxDelayExpression())) {
max = PARSER.parseExpression(resolve(backoff.maxDelayExpression()), PARSER_CONTEXT)
.getValue(this.evaluationContext, Long.class);
}
double multiplier = backoff.multiplier();
if (StringUtils.hasText(backoff.multiplierExpression())) {
multiplier = PARSER.parseExpression(resolve(backoff.multiplierExpression()), PARSER_CONTEXT)
.getValue(this.evaluationContext, Double.class);
}
if (multiplier > 0) {
ExponentialBackOffPolicy policy = new ExponentialBackOffPolicy();
if (backoff.random()) {
policy = new ExponentialRandomBackOffPolicy();
}
policy.setInitialInterval(min);
policy.setMultiplier(multiplier);
policy.setMaxInterval(max > min ? max : ExponentialBackOffPolicy.DEFAULT_MAX_INTERVAL);
if (this.sleeper != null) {
policy.setSleeper(this.sleeper);
}
return policy;
}
if (max > min) {
UniformRandomBackOffPolicy policy = new UniformRandomBackOffPolicy();
policy.setMinBackOffPeriod(min);
policy.setMaxBackOffPeriod(max);
if (this.sleeper != null) {
policy.setSleeper(this.sleeper);
}
return policy;
}
FixedBackOffPolicy policy = new FixedBackOffPolicy();
policy.setBackOffPeriod(min);
if (this.sleeper != null) {
policy.setSleeper(this.sleeper);
}
return policy;
}
嗯~,一樣的味道,就是通過@Backoff注解中的引數,來判斷具體使用文章開頭說到的哪個退避策略,是FixedBackOffPolicy還是UniformRandomBackOffPolicy等,
那么每個RetryPolicy都會重寫canRetry方法,然后在RetryTemplate判斷是否需要重試,
我們看看SimpleRetryPolicy的
@Override
public boolean canRetry(RetryContext context) {
Throwable t = context.getLastThrowable();
//判斷拋出的例外是否符合重試的例外
//還有,是否超過了重試的次數
return (t == null || retryForException(t)) && context.getRetryCount() < maxAttempts;
}
同樣,我們看看FixedBackOffPolicy的退避方法,
protected void doBackOff() throws BackOffInterruptedException {
try {
//就是sleep固定的時間
sleeper.sleep(backOffPeriod);
}
catch (InterruptedException e) {
throw new BackOffInterruptedException("Thread interrupted while sleeping", e);
}
}
至此,重試的主要原理以及邏輯大概就是這樣了,
RetryContext
我覺得有必要說說RetryContext,先看看它的繼承關系,

可以看出對每一個策略都有對應的Context,
在Spring Retry里,其實每一個策略都是單例來的,我剛開始直覺是對每一個需要重試的方法都會new一個策略,這樣重試策略之間才不會產生沖突,但是一想就知道這樣就可能多出了很多策略物件出來,增加了使用者的負擔,這不是一個好的設計,
Spring Retry采用了一個更加輕量級的做法,就是針對每一個需要重試的方法只new一個背景關系Context物件,然后在重試時,把這個Context傳到策略里,策略再根據這個Context做重試,而且Spring Retry還對這個Context做了cache,這樣就相當于對重試的背景關系做了優化,
總結
Spring Retry通過AOP機制來實作對業務代碼的重試”入侵“,RetryTemplate中包含了核心的重試邏輯,還提供了豐富的重試策略和退避策略,另外,關注公眾號Java技術堆疊,在后臺回復:面試,可以獲取我整理的 Spring 系列面試題和答案,非常齊全,
參考資料:
http://www.10tiao.com/html/164/201705/2652898434/1.html
https://www.jianshu.com/p/58e753ca0151
https://paper.tuisec.win/detail/90bd660fad92183
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