前面的文章中,我們介紹了Tomcat容器的關鍵組件和類加載器,但是現在的J2EE開發中更多的是使用SpringBoot內嵌的Tomcat容器,而不是單獨安裝Tomcat應用,那么Spring是怎么和Tomcat容器進行集成?Spring和Tomcat容器的生命周期是如何同步?本文會詳細介紹Spring和Tomcat容器的集成,
SpringBoot與Tomcat
使用SpringBoot搭建一個網頁,應該是很多Spring學習者入門的案例,我們只需要在pom添加Spring的web-starter依賴,并添加對應的Controller,一鍵啟動之后就可以得到一個完整的Web應用示例,
<dependency>
<groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
<artifactId>spring-boot-starter-web</artifactId>
<version>2.1.6.RELEASE</version>
</dependency>
@RestController
@SpringBootApplication
public class Application {
public static void main(String[] args) {
SpringApplication.run(Application.class, args);
}
@RequestMapping("/")
public String hello(){
return "hello";
}
}
既然是一個Web應用,那么該應用必定啟動了對應的Servlet容器,常見的Servlet容器有Tomcat/Undertow/jetty/netty等,SpringBoot對這些容器都有集成,本文會重點分析SpringBoot是如何集成Tomcat容器的,
如何判斷是不是Web應用
我們知道SpringBoot不一定以Web應用的形式運行,還可以以桌面程式的形式運行,那么SpringBoot在應用中如何判斷應用是不是一個Web應用程式,是不是需要啟動Tomcat容器的呢?
Spring容器在容器啟動的時候,會呼叫WebApplicationType.deduceFromClasspath()方法來推斷當前的應用程式型別,從方法名字就可以看出,該方法是通過當前專案中的類來判斷是不是Web專案的,以下為該方法的原始碼,當我們在專案中添加了spring-boot-starter-web的依賴之后,專案路徑中會包含webMvc的類,對應的Spring應用也會被識別為Web應用,
private static final String[] SERVLET_INDICATOR_CLASSES = { "javax.servlet.Servlet", "org.springframework.web.context.ConfigurableWebApplicationContext" };
private static final String WEBMVC_INDICATOR_CLASS = "org.springframework.web.servlet.DispatcherServlet";
private static final String WEBFLUX_INDICATOR_CLASS = "org.springframework.web.reactive.DispatcherHandler";
private static final String JERSEY_INDICATOR_CLASS = "org.glassfish.jersey.servlet.ServletContainer";
private static final String SERVLET_APPLICATION_CONTEXT_CLASS = "org.springframework.web.context.WebApplicationContext";
private static final String REACTIVE_APPLICATION_CONTEXT_CLASS = "org.springframework.boot.web.reactive.context.ReactiveWebApplicationContext";
static WebApplicationType deduceFromClasspath() {
if (ClassUtils.isPresent(WEBFLUX_INDICATOR_CLASS, null) && !ClassUtils.isPresent(WEBMVC_INDICATOR_CLASS, null) && !ClassUtils.isPresent(JERSEY_INDICATOR_CLASS, null)) {
return WebApplicationType.REACTIVE;
}
for (String className : SERVLET_INDICATOR_CLASSES) {
if (!ClassUtils.isPresent(className, null)) {
return WebApplicationType.NONE;
}
}
return WebApplicationType.SERVLET;
}
根據應用型別創建應用
通過專案中包含類的型別,Spring可以判斷出當前應用的型別,之后Spring就需要根據應用型別去創建對應的ApplicationContext,從下面的程式中可以看出來,對于我們關注的普通web應用,Spring會創建一個AnnotationConfigServletWebServerApplicationContext,
ApplicationContextFactory DEFAULT = (webApplicationType) -> {
try {
switch (webApplicationType) {
case SERVLET:
return new AnnotationConfigServletWebServerApplicationContext();
case REACTIVE:
return new AnnotationConfigReactiveWebServerApplicationContext();
default:
return new AnnotationConfigApplicationContext();
}
}
catch (Exception ex) {
throw new IllegalStateException("Unable create a default ApplicationContext instance, "
+ "you may need a custom ApplicationContextFactory", ex);
}
};
AnnotationConfigServletWebServerApplicationContext是Web應用的Spring容器,我們可以推斷,這個ApplicationContext容器中必定包含了servlet容器的初始化,去查看容器初始化的原始碼可以發現,在容器Refresh階段會初始化WebServer,原始碼如下:
@Override
protected void onRefresh() {
super.onRefresh();
try {
// Spring容器Refresh階段創建WebServer
createWebServer();
}
catch (Throwable ex) {
throw new ApplicationContextException("Unable to start web server", ex);
}
}
private void createWebServer() {
WebServer webServer = this.webServer;
ServletContext servletContext = getServletContext();
// 沒有初始化好的WebServer就需要初始化一個
if (webServer == null && servletContext == null) {
StartupStep createWebServer = this.getApplicationStartup().start("spring.boot.webserver.create");
// 獲取ServletWebServerFactory,對于Tomcat來說獲取到的就是TomcatServletWebServerFactory
ServletWebServerFactory factory = getWebServerFactory();
createWebServer.tag("factory", factory.getClass().toString());
// 創建Tomcat容器的WebServer
this.webServer = factory.getWebServer(getSelfInitializer());
createWebServer.end();
getBeanFactory().registerSingleton("webServerGracefulShutdown",
new WebServerGracefulShutdownLifecycle(this.webServer));
getBeanFactory().registerSingleton("webServerStartStop",
new WebServerStartStopLifecycle(this, this.webServer));
}
else if (servletContext != null) {
try {
getSelfInitializer().onStartup(servletContext);
}
catch (ServletException ex) {
throw new ApplicationContextException("Cannot initialize servlet context", ex);
}
}
initPropertySources();
}
Tomcat的初始化
通過上面的內容,我們知道SpringBoot會在啟動的時候判斷是不是Web應用并創建對應型別的Spring容器,對于Web應用會創建Web型別的ApplicationContext, 在Spring容器啟動的時候會初始化WebServer,也就是初始化Tomcat容器,本節我們會分析Tomcat容器初始化原始碼的各個步驟,
獲取ServletWebServerFactory
初始化Tomcat容器的程序中,第一步是獲取創建Tomcat WebServer的工廠類TomcatServletWebServerFactory,分析原始碼可知,Spring是直接通過Bean的型別從Spring容器中獲取ServletWebServerFactory的,所以Tomcat容器型別的SpringBoot應該在啟動時向容器中注冊TomcatServletWebServerFactory的實體作為一個Bean,
// 獲取ServletWebServerFactory關鍵代碼
factory = getWebServerFactory();
// 關鍵代碼涉及的函式
protected ServletWebServerFactory getWebServerFactory() {
// Use bean names so that we don't consider the hierarchy
String[] beanNames = getBeanFactory().getBeanNamesForType(ServletWebServerFactory.class);
if (beanNames.length == 0) {
throw new ApplicationContextException("Unable to start ServletWebServerApplicationContext due to missing "
+ "ServletWebServerFactory bean.");
}
if (beanNames.length > 1) {
throw new ApplicationContextException("Unable to start ServletWebServerApplicationContext due to multiple "
+ "ServletWebServerFactory beans : " + StringUtils.arrayToCommaDelimitedString(beanNames));
}
return getBeanFactory().getBean(beanNames[0], ServletWebServerFactory.class);
}
創建WebServer的實體
拿到用于創建WebServer的ServletWebServerFactory,我們就可以開始著手創建WebServer了,創建WebServer的關鍵代碼如下所示,
// 創建WebServer的實體關鍵代碼
this.webServer = factory.getWebServer(getSelfInitializer());
創建WebServer的第一步是拿到創建時需要的引數,這個引數的型別是ServletContextInitializer,ServletContextInitializer的作用是用于初始化ServletContext,介面原始碼如下,從介面的注釋中我們就可以看到,這個引數可以用于配置servlet容器的filters,listeners等資訊,
@FunctionalInterface
public interface ServletContextInitializer {
/**
* Configure the given {@link ServletContext} with any servlets, filters, listeners
* context-params and attributes necessary for initialization.
* @param servletContext the {@code ServletContext} to initialize
* @throws ServletException if any call against the given {@code ServletContext}
* throws a {@code ServletException}
*/
void onStartup(ServletContext servletContext) throws ServletException;
}
Spring是通過getSelfInitializer()方法來獲取初始化引數,查看getSelfInitializer()方法,可以發現該方法實作了如下功能:
- 系結SpringBoot應用程式和ServletContext;
- 向SpringBoot注冊ServletContext,Socpe為Application級別;
- 向SpringBoot背景關系環境注冊ServletContext環境相關的Bean;
- 獲取容器中所有的ServletContextInitializer,依次處理ServletContext,
private ServletContextInitializer getSelfInitializer() {
return this::selfInitialize;
}
private void selfInitialize(ServletContext servletContext) throws ServletException {
prepareWebApplicationContext(servletContext);
registerApplicationScope(servletContext);
WebApplicationContextUtils.registerEnvironmentBeans(getBeanFactory(), servletContext);
for (ServletContextInitializer beans : getServletContextInitializerBeans()) {
beans.onStartup(servletContext);
}
}
獲取到用于創建WebServer的引數之后,Spring就會呼叫工廠方法去創建Tomcat對應的WebServer,
@Override
public WebServer getWebServer(ServletContextInitializer... initializers) {
if (this.disableMBeanRegistry) {
Registry.disableRegistry();
}
Tomcat tomcat = new Tomcat();
File baseDir = (this.baseDirectory != null) ? this.baseDirectory : createTempDir("tomcat");
tomcat.setBaseDir(baseDir.getAbsolutePath());
Connector connector = new Connector(this.protocol);
connector.setThrowOnFailure(true);
tomcat.getService().addConnector(connector);
customizeConnector(connector);
tomcat.setConnector(connector);
tomcat.getHost().setAutoDeploy(false);
configureEngine(tomcat.getEngine());
for (Connector additionalConnector : this.additionalTomcatConnectors) {
tomcat.getService().addConnector(additionalConnector);
}
prepareContext(tomcat.getHost(), initializers);
return getTomcatWebServer(tomcat);
}
Tomcat生命周期
我們在使用基于Spring MVC應用框架,只需要啟動/關閉Spring應用,就可以同步啟動/關閉Tomcat容器,那么Spring是如何做到的呢?從下面初始化Web容器的代碼可以看到,Spring容器會注冊兩個和WebServer容器相關的生命周期Bean:
- 容器的優雅關閉Bea——webServerGracefulShutdown,
- 容器的生命周期管理的Bean——webServerStartStop
getBeanFactory().registerSingleton("webServerGracefulShutdown",
new WebServerGracefulShutdownLifecycle(this.webServer));
getBeanFactory().registerSingleton("webServerStartStop",
new WebServerStartStopLifecycle(this, this.webServer));
Tomcat容器優雅關閉
這是SpringBoot在最新的2.X.X版本中新增的優雅停機功能,? 優雅停機指的是Java專案在停機時需要做好斷后作業,如果直接使用kill -9 方式暴力的將專案停掉,可能會導致正常處理的請求、定時任務、RMI、注銷注冊中心等出現資料不一致問題,如何解決優雅停機呢?大致需要解決如下問題:
- 首先要確保不會再有新的請求進來,所以需要設定一個流量擋板
- 保證正常處理已進來的請求執行緒,可以通過計數方式記錄專案中的請求數量
- 如果涉及到注冊中心,則需要在第一步結束后注銷注冊中心
- 停止專案中的定時任務
- 停止執行緒池
- 關閉其他需要關閉資源等等等
? SpringBoot優雅停機出現之前,一般需要通過自研方式來保證優雅停機,我也見過有專案組使用 kill -9 或者執行 shutdown腳本直接停止運行的專案,當然這種方式不夠優雅,
Spring提供Tomcat優雅關閉的核心類是WebServerGracefulShutdownLifecycle,可以等待用戶的所有請求處理完成之后再關閉Tomcat容器,我們查看WebServerGracefulShutdownLifecycle的的關機關鍵原始碼如下:
// WebServerGracefulShutdownLifecycle停機原始碼
@Override
public void stop(Runnable callback) {
this.running = false;
this.webServer.shutDownGracefully((result) -> callback.run());
}
// tomcat web server shutDownGracefully原始碼
@Override
public void shutDownGracefully(GracefulShutdownCallback callback) {
if (this.gracefulShutdown == null) {
callback.shutdownComplete(GracefulShutdownResult.IMMEDIATE);
return;
}
this.gracefulShutdown.shutDownGracefully(callback);
}
此處出現了優雅關閉的工具類GracefulShutdown,Tomcat容器的GracefulShutdown原始碼如下所示,可以看到優雅關閉分為以下步驟:
- 關閉Tomcat容器的所有的連接器,連接器關閉之后會停止接受新的請求,
- 輪詢所有的Context容器,等待這些容器中的請求被處理完成,
- 如果強行退出,那么就不等待所有容器中的請求處理完成,
- 回呼優雅關閉的結果,有三種關閉結果:REQUESTS_ACTIVE有活躍請求的情況下強行關閉,IDLE所有請求完成之后關閉,IMMEDIATE沒有任何等待立即關閉容器,
final class GracefulShutdown {
void shutDownGracefully(GracefulShutdownCallback callback) {
logger.info("Commencing graceful shutdown. Waiting for active requests to complete");
new Thread(() -> doShutdown(callback), "tomcat-shutdown").start();
}
private void doShutdown(GracefulShutdownCallback callback) {
// 關閉Tomcat的所有的連接器,不接受新的請求
List<Connector> connectors = getConnectors();
connectors.forEach(this::close);
try {
for (Container host : this.tomcat.getEngine().findChildren()) {
// 輪詢所有的Context容器
for (Container context : host.findChildren()) {
// 判斷容器中的所有請求是不是已經結束,
while (isActive(context)) {
// 強行退出的情況下不等待所有請求處理完成
if (this.aborted) {
logger.info("Graceful shutdown aborted with one or more requests still active");
callback.shutdownComplete(GracefulShutdownResult.REQUESTS_ACTIVE);
return;
}
Thread.sleep(50);
}
}
}
}
catch (InterruptedException ex) {
Thread.currentThread().interrupt();
}
logger.info("Graceful shutdown complete");
callback.shutdownComplete(GracefulShutdownResult.IDLE);
}
}
Spring 容器是怎么知道關閉并進行回呼的呢?本處只介紹kill -15作業原理:Spring容器在啟動的時候會向JVM注冊銷毀回呼方法,JVM在收到kill -15之后不會直接退出,而是會一一呼叫這些回呼方法,然后Spring會在這些回呼方法中進行優雅關閉,比如從注冊中心洗掉注冊資訊,優雅關閉Tomcat等等,
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