【Python】Flask + MySQL 實作用戶注冊，登錄和登出-有解無憂

今天用Flask + MySQL 實作用戶注冊，登錄和登出，

一、實戰場景

Flask 框架實作用戶的注冊，登錄和登出，

二、主要知識點

flask_login 插件使用
SQLAlchemy 基礎操作
用戶基礎類設計
Flask 讀取組態檔
藍圖注冊與使用
wtforms 表單提交資料
wtforms 表單驗證
Bootstrap 集成
Jinjia2 模版繼承

涉及的知識點和細節很多，我下面就直接貼出注冊部分的核心代碼，

三、核心代碼

馬上安排！

1、應用初始化 MySQL 和 flask_login 模塊

'''
Description: 創建應用程式，并注冊相關藍圖
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'''
 
from flask import Flask
from base.base_model import db
from flask_login import LoginManager
 
# 登錄插件
login_manager = LoginManager()
 
def register_auth_blueprint(app):
    # 注冊藍圖
    from app.auth import auth_bp
    app.register_blueprint(auth_bp)
 
def create_app(config=None):
    # 創建應用
    app = Flask(__name__)
 
    # 加載配置
    app.config.from_object('config')
 
    # 注冊 SQLAlchemy
    db.init_app(app)
    #
    # 注冊 login 模塊
    login_manager.init_app(app)
 
    # 未登錄時候的默認跳轉頁面
    login_manager.login_view = 'auth.login'
    # # login_manager.login_message = '請先登錄或注冊'
 
    register_auth_blueprint(app)
 
    if config is not None:
        if isinstance(config, dict):
            app.config.update(config)
        elif config.endswith('.py'):
            app.config.from_pyfile(config)
 
    return app
 
app = create_app()
 
with app.app_context():
    db.create_all()
 
if __name__ == '__main__':
    # 如果要使用 vscode 除錯，需要將 debug 設定為 False，否則無法命中請求斷點
    app.run(host='0.0.0.0', debug=True)

2、設定組態檔

APP_NAME = "north"
 
SECRET_KEY = "fNqh2TNw3l0Dj8ZCMQyQh7m1YvWVSgDx"
 
DEBUG = True
 
SQLALCHEMY_DATABASE_URI = 'mysql://username:password@ip:3306/dbname'
 
# 設定sqlalchemy自動更跟蹤資料庫
SQLALCHEMY_TRACK_MODIFICATIONS = True
 
# 查詢時會顯示原始SQL陳述句
SQLALCHEMY_ECHO = True

3、藍圖初始化

from flask import Blueprint
 
auth_bp = Blueprint(
    'auth',
    __name__,
)
 
from app.auth.user import user, auth

4、撰寫注冊表單

<main class="form-signin w-100 m-auto">
 <form action="{{ url_for('auth.register') }}" method="post">
    <img class="mb-4" src="{{ url_for('static', filename="3rd/images/bootstrap-logo.svg") }} " alt="" width="72" height="57">
    <h1 class="h3 mb-3 fw-normal">注冊資訊</h1>
 
    <div class="form-floating">
      <input class="form-control"
             id="nickname" name="nickname"
              value="{{ form.data['nickname'] | default('',true) }}"
              placeholder="昵稱">
      <label for="floatingInput">昵稱</label>
    </div>
    <div class="form-floating">
      <input type="email" class="form-control"
             id="email" name="email"
              value="{{ form.data['email'] | default('',true) }}"
              placeholder="Email">
      <label for="floatingInput">郵箱</label>
    </div>
    <div class="form-floating">
      <input type="password" class="form-control"
              id="password" name="password"
              value="{{ form.data['password'] | default('',true) }}"
              placeholder="Password">
      <label for="floatingPassword">密碼</label>
    </div>
    <div class="form-floating">
      <input type="password" class="form-control"
              id="confirm_password" name="confirm_password"
              value="{{ form.data['confirm_password'] | default('',true) }}"
              placeholder="Confirm Password">
      <label for="floatingPassword">確認密碼</label>
    </div>
        {% if form and form.errors %}
            {% for key, error in form.errors.items() %}
                <div class="alert alert-warning" role="alert">{{ key }} : {{ error }}</div>
            {% endfor %}
        {% endif %}
 
    <button class="w-100 btn btn-lg btn-primary" type="submit">注冊</button>
    <p class="mt-5 mb-3 text-muted">秀兒 &copy; 2017–2022</p>
  </form>
</main>

5、提交注冊表單

@auth_bp.route("/register", methods=['POST', 'GET'])
def register():
    # 注冊邏輯
    form = RegisterForm(request.form)
 
    # 檢查
    if request.method == 'POST' and form.validate():
        # 執行正確邏輯
        user = User()
        user.set_attrs(form.data)
 
        user.name = user.nickname
        user.token = user.generate_token()
 
        db.session.add(user)
        db.session.commit()
 
        # 執行登錄
        login_user(user, False)
 
        return redirect(url_for('auth.home'))
 
    return render_template("auth/register.html", form=form)

6、用戶模型

import random
 
from sqlalchemy import Column, ForeignKey, func
from sqlalchemy import String, Unicode, DateTime, Boolean
from sqlalchemy import TIMESTAMP, Integer, Float
from flask_login import login_user, login_required, logout_user, current_user, UserMixin
from werkzeug.security import generate_password_hash, check_password_hash
 
 
from common.helpers.str_helper import random_string
from north import login_manager
 
from  base.base_model import BaseModel
 
class User(BaseModel, UserMixin):
    # UserMixin 繼承屬性
    __tablename__ = 'users'
 
    # 表基礎值
    phone_number = Column(String(16), unique=True)
    email = Column(String(64), unique=True, nullable=False)
    token = Column(String(64))
    password = Column('password', String(100))
    status = Column(Integer, default=1)
    type = Column(Integer, default=1)
 
    # 定義一個物件屬性，對應表中的 password 欄位
    _password = Column('password', String(100))
 
    @property
    def password(self):
        # 定義屬性，使用物件屬性賦值
        return self._password
 
    @password.setter
    def password(self, raw):
        # 屬性賦值
        self._password = generate_password_hash(raw)
 
    def check_password(self, raw):
        # 檢查密碼
        if not self._password:
            return False
        return check_password_hash(self._password, raw)
 
    def generate_token(self, expiration=60000):
        # 生成 token
        return random_string(32)
 
 
@login_manager.user_loader
def get_user(uid):
    # 必須, login 插件制定方法
    return User.query.get(int(uid))

7、模型基類

import pymysql
import datetime
 
from flask_sqlalchemy import SQLAlchemy
from sqlalchemy import Column, Integer, SmallInteger
from sqlalchemy import String, Unicode, DateTime, Boolean
 
# 初始化資料庫型別
pymysql.install_as_MySQLdb()
db = SQLAlchemy()
 
# 模型基礎類
class BaseModel(db.Model):
    __abstract__ = True
 
    id = Column(Integer, primary_key=True)
    name = Column(String(32), nullable=False)
    nickname = Column(String(32), nullable=False)
    is_enable = Column(SmallInteger, default=1, nullable=False)
    created_at = db.Column(db.DateTime, default=datetime.datetime.now)
    updated_at = db.Column(db.DateTime, default=datetime.datetime.now, onupdate=datetime.datetime.now)
    deleted_at = db.Column(db.DateTime)
 
    def __init__(self):
        pass
 
    # 字典賦值, 場景: 表單提交
    def set_attrs(self, attrs):
        for key, value in attrs.items():
            if hasattr(self, key) and key != 'id':
                setattr(self, key, value)

8、表單驗證

from wtforms import StringField, PasswordField, Form, validators
# from wtforms.validators import Length, Email, \
#     ValidationError, EqualTo
from app.auth.user.user_model import User
 
class RegisterForm(Form):
    nickname = StringField('昵稱',
        validators = [
            validators.DataRequired(),
            validators.Length(2, 32)
            #   validators.Email(message='電子郵箱不符合規范')
        ])
    email = StringField('電子郵件',
        validators = [
            validators.DataRequired(),
            validators.Length(10, 50)
 
            #   validators.Email(message='電子郵箱不符合規范')
        ])
    password = PasswordField('密碼', [
        validators.DataRequired(),
        validators.EqualTo('confirm_password', message='密碼需要一致')
    ])
    confirm_password = PasswordField('Repeat Password', [
        validators.DataRequired(),
 
    ])
 
    def validate_email(self, field):
        # 自定義驗證，命名對應
        if User.query.filter_by(email=field.data).first():
            raise validators.ValidationError('郵件已被注冊')
 
    def validate_nickname(self, field):
        if User.query.filter_by(nickname=field.data).first():
            raise validators.ValidationError('昵稱已存在')

9、代碼主要目錄結構

├── app
│   ├── __init__.py
│   ├── auth
│   │   ├── __init__.py
│   │   └── user
│   └── tools
│       ├── __init__.py
│       └── db_tools.py
├── base
│   ├── __init__.py
│   ├── base_blueprint.py
│   ├── base_form.py
│   └── base_model.py
├── common
│   ├── __init__.py
│   └── helpers
│       ├── __init__.py
│       └── str_helper.py
├── config.py 

├── north.py

四、運行結果

1、注冊和驗證

2、注冊成功登錄

3、登錄

兄弟們，今天的分享就到這里，下次見！

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