JPA 入門實戰(2)--簡單使用-有解無憂

本文主要介紹 JPA 的實際使用，相關的環境及軟體資訊如下：JPA 2.2(eclipselink 2.7.10、hibernate-entitymanager 5.6.10.Final、openjpa 3.2.2)，JPA 3.0(eclipselink 3.0.2、hibernate-core-jakarta 5.6.10.Final)，

1、JPA 2.2 使用

工程目錄結構如下：

1.1、引入依賴

這里使用 eclipselink 作為 JPA 的實作框架，

<dependency>
    <groupId>org.eclipse.persistence</groupId>
    <artifactId>org.eclipse.persistence.jpa</artifactId>
    <version>2.7.10</version>
</dependency>

其他的依賴可自行引入，如資料庫驅動、lombok 等，

1.2、創建物體類

1.2.1、Student.java

package com.abc.demojpa.entity;

import lombok.AllArgsConstructor;
import lombok.Data;
import lombok.NoArgsConstructor;
import org.hibernate.annotations.CreationTimestamp;
import org.hibernate.annotations.UpdateTimestamp;

import javax.persistence.*;
import java.time.LocalDateTime;

@NoArgsConstructor
@AllArgsConstructor
@Data
@Entity
@Table(name = "a_student")
@NamedQuery(name = "queryAll", query = "select s from Student s")
public class Student {
    @Id
    @GeneratedValue
    private Long id;

    @Column(name = "create_time")
    private LocalDateTime createTime;

    @Column(name = "modify_time")
    private LocalDateTime modifyTime;

    private String name;

    private Integer age;

    @Column(name = "home_address")
    private String homeAddress;
}

1.2.2、BaseEntity.java

package com.abc.demojpa.entity;

import lombok.Data;

import javax.persistence.Column;
import javax.persistence.GeneratedValue;
import javax.persistence.Id;
import javax.persistence.MappedSuperclass;
import java.time.LocalDateTime;

@Data
//該類的屬性都將映射到其子類的資料庫欄位中
@MappedSuperclass
public class BaseEntity {
    @Id
    @GeneratedValue
    private Long id;

    @Column(name = "create_time")
    private LocalDateTime createTime;
}

1.2.3、Teacher.java

Teacher 繼承了 BaseEntity，主要為了測驗屬性的繼承，

package com.abc.demojpa.entity;

import lombok.Data;
import lombok.NoArgsConstructor;

import javax.persistence.*;

@NoArgsConstructor
@Data
@Entity
@Table(name = "a_teacher")
public class Teacher extends BaseEntity {
    private String name;

    private Integer age;
}

1.3、撰寫 JPA 組態檔 (persistence.xml)

該組態檔需放在 META-INF 目錄下，

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<persistence version="2.2"
             xmlns="http://xmlns.jcp.org/xml/ns/persistence"
             xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
             xsi:schemaLocation="http://xmlns.jcp.org/xml/ns/persistence http://xmlns.jcp.org/xml/ns/persistence/persistence_2_2.xsd">
    <persistence-unit name="myUnit">
        <provider>org.eclipse.persistence.jpa.PersistenceProvider</provider>
        <class>com.abc.demojpa.entity.Student</class>
        <class>com.abc.demojpa.entity.Teacher</class>
        <properties>
            <property name="javax.persistence.jdbc.driver" value="com.mysql.cj.jdbc.Driver"/>
            <property name="javax.persistence.jdbc.url" value="jdbc:mysql://10.49.196.10:3306/test?useUnicode=true&amp;characterEncoding=UTF-8"/>
            <property name="javax.persistence.jdbc.user" value="root"/>
            <property name="javax.persistence.jdbc.password" value="123456"/>
            <property name="eclipselink.logging.level" value="INFO" />
            <property name="eclipselink.ddl-generation" value="create-or-extend-tables" />
        </properties>
    </persistence-unit>
</persistence>

eclipselink 開頭的配置是 eclipselink 自帶的擴展配置，用于實作功能的增強；詳細的擴展配置說明可參考官網說明：https://www.eclipse.org/eclipselink/documentation/2.7/jpa/extensions/toc.htm，

1.4、使用例子

1.4.1、插入物體

@Test
public void persist() {
    entityManager.getTransaction().begin();
    Student student = new Student();
    student.setName("小明");
    student.setCreateTime(LocalDateTime.now());
    student.setModifyTime(LocalDateTime.now());
    student.setAge(15);
    student.setHomeAddress("江蘇");

    Student student2 = new Student();
    student2.setName("小紅");
    student2.setAge(18);
    student2.setHomeAddress("廣東");

    Teacher teacher = new Teacher();
    teacher.setCreateTime(LocalDateTime.now());
    teacher.setName("張三");
    teacher.setAge(35);

    entityManager.persist(student);
    entityManager.persist(student2);
    entityManager.persist(teacher);

    entityManager.getTransaction().commit();
}

1.4.2、查詢物體

@Test
public void find() {
    Student student = entityManager.find(Student.class, 1501L);
    logger.info("student={}", student);
}

1.4.3、更新物體(先查再更新)

@Test
public void modify() {
    entityManager.getTransaction().begin();
    Student student = entityManager.find(Student.class, 1501L);
    student.setName("小明2");
    entityManager.getTransaction().commit();
}

1.4.4、更新物體(直接根據id更新)

@Test
public void merge() {
    entityManager.getTransaction().begin();
    Student student = new Student();
    student.setId(1501L);
    student.setName("小明3");
    student.setAge(16);
    entityManager.merge(student);
    entityManager.getTransaction().commit();
}

1.4.5、洗掉物體

@Test
public void remove() {
    entityManager.getTransaction().begin();
    Student student = entityManager.find(Student.class, 1501L);
    entityManager.remove(student);
    entityManager.getTransaction().commit();
}

1.4.6、JPQL 查詢

@Test
public void select() {
    //查詢一個欄位
    Query query = entityManager.createQuery("select s.name from Student s where s.age>10", String.class);
    List<String> result = query.getResultList();
    logger.info("result={}", result);

    //查詢多個欄位 (?n 占位符：傳統 ? 占位符的改良占位符，僅僅適應 JPQL 查詢)
    query = entityManager.createQuery("select s.name,s.homeAddress from Student s where s.age>?1 and s.name like ?2", Object[].class);
    query.setParameter(1, 10);
    query.setParameter(2, "%小%");
    List<Object[]> result2 = query.getResultList();
    for (Object[] arr : result2) {
        String s = "";
        for (Object o : arr) {
            s += o.toString() + ",";
        }
        logger.info(s);
    }

    //查詢物件 (:name 占位符：變數名形式的占位符，僅僅適應 JPQL 查詢)
    query = entityManager.createQuery("select s.name,s.homeAddress from Student s where s.age between :min and :max and s.name like '%小%' order by s.id", Student.class);
    query.setParameter("min", 10);
    query.setParameter("max", 40);
    //設定結果的開始位置，最大記錄條數，可用來實作分頁
    query.setFirstResult(0);
    query.setMaxResults(10);
    List<Student> result3 = query.getResultList();
    logger.info("result3={}", result3);

    //聚合操作
    query = entityManager.createQuery("select max(s.age) from Student s");
    Object result4 = query.getSingleResult();
    logger.info("result4={}", result4);

    //對應Student物體類中定義的靜態查詢”queryAll“
    query = entityManager.createNamedQuery("queryAll");
    List<Student> result5 = query.getResultList();
    logger.info("result5={}", result5);
}

1.4.7、JPQL 更新

@Test
public void update() {
    entityManager.getTransaction().begin();
    Query query = entityManager.createQuery( "update Student SET age=16 where name='小明'");
    query.executeUpdate();
    entityManager.getTransaction().commit();
}

1.4.8、JPQL 洗掉

@Test
public void delete() {
    entityManager.getTransaction().begin();
    Query query = entityManager.createQuery( "delete from Student where id=1501");
    query.executeUpdate();
    entityManager.getTransaction().commit();
}

1.4.9、JPQL 本地查詢,直接 SQL 陳述句查詢資料

@Test
public void nativeSelect() {
    Query query = entityManager.createNativeQuery("select s.* from a_student s where s.age>?", Student.class);
    query.setParameter(1, 10);
    List<Student> result = query.getResultList();
    logger.info("result={}", result);
}

1.4.10、JPA 標準 API 使用一

類似 SQL：select name from student where name='小明'

@Test
public void criteria() {
    CriteriaBuilder criteriaBuilder = entityManager.getCriteriaBuilder();
    CriteriaQuery<String> criteriaQuery = criteriaBuilder.createQuery(String.class);
    Root<Student> root = criteriaQuery.from(Student.class);
    criteriaQuery.select(root.get("name"));
    criteriaQuery.where(criteriaBuilder.equal(root.get("name"), "小明"));
    TypedQuery<String> query = entityManager.createQuery(criteriaQuery);
    List<String> list = query.getResultList();
    logger.info(list.toString());
}

1.4.11、JPA 標準 API 使用二

類似 SQL：select id,name,age from student where age>=10 order by age,name desc

@Test
public void criteria2() {
    CriteriaBuilder criteriaBuilder = entityManager.getCriteriaBuilder();
    CriteriaQuery<Student> criteriaQuery = criteriaBuilder.createQuery(Student.class);
    Root<Student> root = criteriaQuery.from(Student.class);
    //Student 物體類需要有對應的構造方法
    criteriaQuery.multiselect(root.get("id"), root.get("name"), root.get("age"), root.get("homeAddress"));
    criteriaQuery.where(criteriaBuilder.ge(root.get("age"), 10));
    criteriaQuery.orderBy(criteriaBuilder.asc(root.get("age"))).orderBy(criteriaBuilder.desc(root.get("name")));
    TypedQuery<Student> query = entityManager.createQuery(criteriaQuery);
    List<Student> list = query.getResultList();
    logger.info(list.toString());
}

1.4.12、JPA 標準 API 使用三

類似 SQL：select age,count(*) from student group by age having age<40

@Test
public void criteria3() {
    CriteriaBuilder criteriaBuilder = entityManager.getCriteriaBuilder();
    CriteriaQuery<Object[]> criteriaQuery = criteriaBuilder.createQuery(Object[].class);
    Root<Student> root = criteriaQuery.from(Student.class);
    //Student 物體類需要有對應的構造方法
    criteriaQuery.multiselect(root.get("age"), criteriaBuilder.count(root));
    criteriaQuery.groupBy(root.get("age")).having(criteriaBuilder.lessThan(root.get("age"), 40));
    TypedQuery<Object[]> query = entityManager.createQuery(criteriaQuery);
    List<Object[]> list = query.getResultList();
    for (Object o : list) {
        logger.info("o={}", o);
    }
}

1.5、完整代碼

package com.abc.demojpa;

import com.abc.demojpa.entity.Student;
import com.abc.demojpa.entity.Teacher;
import org.junit.After;
import org.junit.Before;
import org.junit.Test;
import org.slf4j.Logger;
import org.slf4j.LoggerFactory;

import javax.persistence.*;
import javax.persistence.criteria.CriteriaBuilder;
import javax.persistence.criteria.CriteriaQuery;
import javax.persistence.criteria.Root;
import java.time.LocalDateTime;
import java.util.List;

public class JpaCase {
    protected static final Logger logger = LoggerFactory.getLogger(JpaCase.class);

    private EntityManagerFactory entityManagerFactory;
    private EntityManager entityManager;

    @Before
    public void before() {
        entityManagerFactory = Persistence.createEntityManagerFactory("myUnit");
        entityManager = entityManagerFactory.createEntityManager();
    }

    @After
    public void after() {
        entityManager.close();
        entityManagerFactory.close();
    }

    //插入物體
    @Test
    public void persist() {
        entityManager.getTransaction().begin();
        Student student = new Student();
        student.setName("小明");
        student.setCreateTime(LocalDateTime.now());
        student.setModifyTime(LocalDateTime.now());
        student.setAge(15);
        student.setHomeAddress("江蘇");

        Student student2 = new Student();
        student2.setName("小紅");
        student2.setAge(18);
        student2.setHomeAddress("廣東");

        Teacher teacher = new Teacher();
        teacher.setCreateTime(LocalDateTime.now());
        teacher.setName("張三");
        teacher.setAge(35);

        entityManager.persist(student);
        entityManager.persist(student2);
        entityManager.persist(teacher);

        entityManager.getTransaction().commit();
    }

    //查詢物體
    @Test
    public void find() {
        Student student = entityManager.find(Student.class, 1501L);
        logger.info("student={}", student);
    }

    //更新物體(先查再更新)
    @Test
    public void modify() {
        entityManager.getTransaction().begin();
        Student student = entityManager.find(Student.class, 1501L);
        student.setName("小明2");
        entityManager.getTransaction().commit();
    }

    //更新物體(直接根據id更新)
    @Test
    public void merge() {
        entityManager.getTransaction().begin();
        Student student = new Student();
        student.setId(1501L);
        student.setName("小明3");
        student.setAge(16);
        entityManager.merge(student);
        entityManager.getTransaction().commit();
    }

    //洗掉物體
    @Test
    public void remove() {
        entityManager.getTransaction().begin();
        Student student = entityManager.find(Student.class, 1501L);
        entityManager.remove(student);
        entityManager.getTransaction().commit();
    }


    //JPQL 查詢
    @Test
    public void select() {
        //查詢一個欄位
        Query query = entityManager.createQuery("select s.name from Student s where s.age>10", String.class);
        List<String> result = query.getResultList();
        logger.info("result={}", result);

        //查詢多個欄位 (?n 占位符：傳統 ? 占位符的改良占位符，僅僅適應 JPQL 查詢)
        query = entityManager.createQuery("select s.name,s.homeAddress from Student s where s.age>?1 and s.name like ?2", Object[].class);
        query.setParameter(1, 10);
        query.setParameter(2, "%小%");
        List<Object[]> result2 = query.getResultList();
        for (Object[] arr : result2) {
            String s = "";
            for (Object o : arr) {
                s += o.toString() + ",";
            }
            logger.info(s);
        }

        //查詢物件 (:name 占位符：變數名形式的占位符，僅僅適應 JPQL 查詢)
        query = entityManager.createQuery("select s.name,s.homeAddress from Student s where s.age between :min and :max and s.name like '%小%' order by s.id", Student.class);
        query.setParameter("min", 10);
        query.setParameter("max", 40);
        //設定結果的開始位置，最大記錄條數，可用來實作分頁
        query.setFirstResult(0);
        query.setMaxResults(10);
        List<Student> result3 = query.getResultList();
        logger.info("result3={}", result3);

        //聚合操作
        query = entityManager.createQuery("select max(s.age) from Student s");
        Object result4 = query.getSingleResult();
        logger.info("result4={}", result4);

        //對應Student物體類中定義的靜態查詢”queryAll“
        query = entityManager.createNamedQuery("queryAll");
        List<Student> result5 = query.getResultList();
        logger.info("result5={}", result5);
    }

    //JPQL 更新
    @Test
    public void update() {
        entityManager.getTransaction().begin();
        Query query = entityManager.createQuery( "update Student SET age=16 where name='小明'");
        query.executeUpdate();
        entityManager.getTransaction().commit();
    }

    //JPQL 洗掉
    @Test
    public void delete() {
        entityManager.getTransaction().begin();
        Query query = entityManager.createQuery( "delete from Student where id=1501");
        query.executeUpdate();
        entityManager.getTransaction().commit();
    }

    //本地查詢,直接 SQL 陳述句查詢資料
    @Test
    public void nativeSelect() {
        Query query = entityManager.createNativeQuery("select s.* from a_student s where s.age>?", Student.class);
        query.setParameter(1, 10);
        List<Student> result = query.getResultList();
        logger.info("result={}", result);
    }

    /**
     * Criteria API
     * select name from student where name='小明'
     */
    @Test
    public void criteria() {
        CriteriaBuilder criteriaBuilder = entityManager.getCriteriaBuilder();
        CriteriaQuery<String> criteriaQuery = criteriaBuilder.createQuery(String.class);
        Root<Student> root = criteriaQuery.from(Student.class);
        criteriaQuery.select(root.get("name"));
        criteriaQuery.where(criteriaBuilder.equal(root.get("name"), "小明"));
        TypedQuery<String> query = entityManager.createQuery(criteriaQuery);
        List<String> list = query.getResultList();
        logger.info(list.toString());
    }

    /**
     * Criteria API
     * select id,name,age from student where age>=10 order by age,name desc
     */
    @Test
    public void criteria2() {
        CriteriaBuilder criteriaBuilder = entityManager.getCriteriaBuilder();
        CriteriaQuery<Student> criteriaQuery = criteriaBuilder.createQuery(Student.class);
        Root<Student> root = criteriaQuery.from(Student.class);
        //Student 物體類需要有對應的構造方法
        criteriaQuery.multiselect(root.get("id"), root.get("name"), root.get("age"), root.get("homeAddress"));
        criteriaQuery.where(criteriaBuilder.ge(root.get("age"), 10));
        criteriaQuery.orderBy(criteriaBuilder.asc(root.get("age"))).orderBy(criteriaBuilder.desc(root.get("name")));
        TypedQuery<Student> query = entityManager.createQuery(criteriaQuery);
        List<Student> list = query.getResultList();
        logger.info(list.toString());
    }

    /**
     * Criteria API
     * select age,count(*) from student group by age having age<40
     */
    @Test
    public void criteria3() {
        CriteriaBuilder criteriaBuilder = entityManager.getCriteriaBuilder();
        CriteriaQuery<Object[]> criteriaQuery = criteriaBuilder.createQuery(Object[].class);
        Root<Student> root = criteriaQuery.from(Student.class);
        //Student 物體類需要有對應的構造方法
        criteriaQuery.multiselect(root.get("age"), criteriaBuilder.count(root));
        criteriaQuery.groupBy(root.get("age")).having(criteriaBuilder.lessThan(root.get("age"), 40));
        TypedQuery<Object[]> query = entityManager.createQuery(criteriaQuery);
        List<Object[]> list = query.getResultList();
        for (Object o : list) {
            logger.info("o={}", o);
        }
    }
}

JpaCase.java

2、使用 hibernate 作為 JPA 實作框架

只需修改引入的依賴及 JPA 組態檔(persistence.xml)，

2.1、引入依賴

<dependency>
    <groupId>org.hibernate</groupId>
    <artifactId>hibernate-entitymanager</artifactId>
    <version>5.6.10.Final</version>
</dependency>

2.2、增強注解

hibernate 提供一些增強注解使得 JPA 的使用更加方便，@CreationTimestamp 用于自動生成插入時間，@UpdateTimestamp 用于自動生成修改時間，修改物體類如下：

package com.abc.demojpa.entity;

import lombok.AllArgsConstructor;
import lombok.Data;
import lombok.NoArgsConstructor;
import org.hibernate.annotations.CreationTimestamp;
import org.hibernate.annotations.UpdateTimestamp;

import javax.persistence.*;
import java.time.LocalDateTime;

@NoArgsConstructor
@AllArgsConstructor
@Data
@Entity
@Table(name = "a_student")
@NamedQuery(name = "queryAll", query = "select s from Student s")
public class Student {
    @Id
    @GeneratedValue
    private Long id;

    @CreationTimestamp
    @Column(name = "create_time")
    private LocalDateTime createTime;

    @UpdateTimestamp
    @Column(name = "modify_time")
    private LocalDateTime modifyTime;

    private String name;

    private Integer age;

    @Column(name = "home_address")
    private String homeAddress;
}

這樣就可以不用手動設定 createTime,modifyTime 了，

2.3、persistence.xml

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<persistence version="2.2"
             xmlns="http://xmlns.jcp.org/xml/ns/persistence"
             xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
             xsi:schemaLocation="http://xmlns.jcp.org/xml/ns/persistence http://xmlns.jcp.org/xml/ns/persistence/persistence_2_2.xsd">
    <persistence-unit name="myUnit">
        <provider>org.hibernate.jpa.HibernatePersistenceProvider</provider>
        <exclude-unlisted-classes>false</exclude-unlisted-classes>
        <properties>
            <property name="javax.persistence.jdbc.driver" value="com.mysql.cj.jdbc.Driver"/>
            <property name="javax.persistence.jdbc.url" value="jdbc:mysql://10.49.196.10:3306/test?useUnicode=true&amp;characterEncoding=UTF-8"/>
            <property name="javax.persistence.jdbc.user" value="root"/>
            <property name="javax.persistence.jdbc.password" value="123456"/>
            <property name="hibernate.hbm2ddl.auto" value="update"/>
        </properties>
    </persistence-unit>
</persistence>

hibernatee 開頭的配置是 hibernate 自帶的擴展配置，用于實作功能的增強；詳細的配置說明可參考官網說明：https://docs.jboss.org/hibernate/orm/5.6/userguide/html_single/Hibernate_User_Guide.html#configurations，

3、使用 OpenJPA 作為 JPA 實作框架

只需修改引入的依賴及 JPA 組態檔(persistence.xml)，

2.1、引入依賴

<dependency>
    <groupId>org.apache.openjpa</groupId>
    <artifactId>openjpa-all</artifactId>
    <version>3.2.2</version>
</dependency>

2.2、persistence.xml

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<persistence version="2.2"
             xmlns="http://xmlns.jcp.org/xml/ns/persistence"
             xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
             xsi:schemaLocation="http://xmlns.jcp.org/xml/ns/persistence http://xmlns.jcp.org/xml/ns/persistence/persistence_2_2.xsd">
    <persistence-unit name="myUnit">
        <provider>org.apache.openjpa.persistence.PersistenceProviderImpl</provider>
        <class>com.abc.demojpa.entity.Student</class>
        <class>com.abc.demojpa.entity.BaseEntity</class>
        <class>com.abc.demojpa.entity.Teacher</class>
        <properties>
            <property name="javax.persistence.jdbc.driver" value="com.mysql.cj.jdbc.Driver"/>
            <property name="javax.persistence.jdbc.url" value="jdbc:mysql://10.49.196.10:3306/cqt?useUnicode=true&amp;characterEncoding=UTF-8"/>
            <property name="javax.persistence.jdbc.user" value="root"/>
            <property name="javax.persistence.jdbc.password" value="123456"/>
            <property name="openjpa.jdbc.SynchronizeMappings" value="buildSchema(ForeignKeys=true)"/>
            <property name="openjpa.ClassLoadEnhancement" value="true" />
            <property name="openjpa.DynamicEnhancementAgent" value="true" />
            <property name="openjpa.RuntimeUnenhancedClasses" value="supported" />
        </properties>
    </persistence-unit>
</persistence>

openjpa 開頭的配置是 openjpa 自帶的擴展配置，用于實作功能的增強；詳細的配置說明可參考官網說明：https://openjpa.apache.org/builds/3.2.2/apache-openjpa/docs/manual.html#ref_guide_conf，

4、JPA 3.0 使用

JavaEE 8 之后，Oracle 已將其捐獻給 Eclipse 基金會運作，名字也改為 Jakarta EE，JPA 3.0 作為 Jakarta EE 9 的一部分，主要變化是包名的變化及 xml 組態檔命名空間的變化，功能上與 JPA 2.2 基本一致，

4.1、Eclipselink 作為實作框架

4.1.1、引入依賴

<dependency>
    <groupId>jakarta.persistence</groupId>
    <artifactId>jakarta.persistence-api</artifactId>
    <version>3.0.0</version>
</dependency>
<dependency>
    <groupId>org.eclipse.persistence</groupId>
    <artifactId>org.eclipse.persistence.jpa</artifactId>
    <version>3.0.2</version>
</dependency>

4.1.2、persistence.xml

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<persistence xmlns="https://jakarta.ee/xml/ns/persistence"
             xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
             version="3.0"
             xsi:schemaLocation="https://jakarta.ee/xml/ns/persistence https://jakarta.ee/xml/ns/persistence/persistence_3_0.xsd">
    <persistence-unit name="myUnit">
        <provider>org.eclipse.persistence.jpa.PersistenceProvider</provider>
        <class>com.abc.demojpa.entity.Student</class>
        <class>com.abc.demojpa.entity.Teacher</class>
        <properties>
            <property name="jakarta.persistence.jdbc.driver" value="com.mysql.cj.jdbc.Driver"/>
            <property name="jakarta.persistence.jdbc.url" value="jdbc:mysql://10.49.1196.10:3306/cqt?useUnicode=true&amp;characterEncoding=UTF-8"/>
            <property name="jakarta.persistence.jdbc.user" value="root"/>
            <property name="jakarta.persistence.jdbc.password" value="123456"/>
            <property name="eclipselink.logging.level" value="INFO" />
            <property name="eclipselink.ddl-generation" value="create-or-extend-tables" />
        </properties>
    </persistence-unit>
</persistence>

4.1.3、創建物體類

package com.abc.demojpa.entity;

import jakarta.persistence.*;
import lombok.AllArgsConstructor;
import lombok.Data;
import lombok.NoArgsConstructor;


@NoArgsConstructor
@AllArgsConstructor
@Data
@Entity
@Table(name = "a_student")
@NamedQuery(name = "queryAll", query = "select s from Student s")
public class Student {
    @Id
    @GeneratedValue
    private Long id;

    private String name;

    private Integer age;

    @Column(name = "home_address")
    private String homeAddress;
}

4.1.4、使用

package com.abc.deomjpa;

import com.abc.demojpa.entity.Student;
import jakarta.persistence.*;
import org.junit.After;
import org.junit.Before;
import org.junit.Test;
import org.slf4j.Logger;
import org.slf4j.LoggerFactory;


public class JpaCase {
    protected static final Logger logger = LoggerFactory.getLogger(JpaCase.class);

    private EntityManagerFactory entityManagerFactory;
    private EntityManager entityManager;

    @Before
    public void before() {
        entityManagerFactory = Persistence.createEntityManagerFactory("myUnit");
        entityManager = entityManagerFactory.createEntityManager();
    }

    @After
    public void after() {
        entityManager.close();
        entityManagerFactory.close();
    }

    //查詢物體
    @Test
    public void find() {
        Student student = entityManager.find(Student.class, 1501L);
        logger.info("student={}", student);
    }
}

4.2、Hibernate 作為實作框架

主要修改依賴及 JPA 組態檔即可，

4.2.1、引入依賴

<dependency>
    <groupId>jakarta.persistence</groupId>
    <artifactId>jakarta.persistence-api</artifactId>
    <version>3.0.0</version>
</dependency>

<dependency>
    <groupId>jakarta.transaction</groupId>
    <artifactId>jakarta.transaction-api</artifactId>
    <version>2.0.1</version>
</dependency>
<dependency>
    <groupId>jakarta.xml.bind</groupId>
    <artifactId>jakarta.xml.bind-api</artifactId>
    <version>3.0.1</version>
</dependency>
<dependency>
    <groupId>org.hibernate</groupId>
    <artifactId>hibernate-core-jakarta</artifactId>
    <version>5.6.10.Final</version>
</dependency>

4.2.2、persistence.xml

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<persistence xmlns="https://jakarta.ee/xml/ns/persistence"
             xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
             version="3.0"
             xsi:schemaLocation="https://jakarta.ee/xml/ns/persistence https://jakarta.ee/xml/ns/persistence/persistence_3_0.xsd">
    <persistence-unit name="myUnit">
        <provider>org.hibernate.jpa.HibernatePersistenceProvider</provider>
        <exclude-unlisted-classes>false</exclude-unlisted-classes>
        <properties>
            <property name="jakarta.persistence.jdbc.driver" value="com.mysql.cj.jdbc.Driver"/>
            <property name="jakarta.persistence.jdbc.url" value="jdbc:mysql://10.49.196.10:3306/cqt?useUnicode=true&amp;characterEncoding=UTF-8"/>
            <property name="jakarta.persistence.jdbc.user" value="root"/>
            <property name="jakarta.persistence.jdbc.password" value="123456"/>
            <property name="hibernate.show_sql" value="true"/>
            <property name="hibernate.hbm2ddl.auto" value="update"/>
        </properties>
    </persistence-unit>
</persistence>

如何從 JPA 2.1 遷移到 JPA 3.0 可參考這篇文章：https://thorben-janssen.com/migrating-jpa-2-x-to-3-0，

JPA 2.1 和 JPA 3.0 組態檔差異說明可參考這篇文章：https://thorben-janssen.com/jpa-persistence-xml，

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