Contracts
Contracts其實就是倡導面向介面編程，來達到解耦的目的，而這些通用的介面已經由Laravel為你設計好了，就是這些Contracts.
那么Laravel如何知道我們需要使用哪個實作呢？
在Laravel默認的Contracts系結中，在'Illuminate/Foundation/Application.php'有這樣的定義:這就是系結了默認的介面實作.
/**
* Register the core class aliases in the container.
*
* @return void
*/
public function registerCoreContainerAliases()
{
$aliases = [
'app' => ['Illuminate\Foundation\Application', 'Illuminate\Contracts\Container\Container', 'Illuminate\Contracts\Foundation\Application'],
'auth' => 'Illuminate\Auth\AuthManager',
'auth.driver' => ['Illuminate\Auth\Guard', 'Illuminate\Contracts\Auth\Guard'],
'auth.password.tokens' => 'Illuminate\Auth\Passwords\TokenRepositoryInterface',
'blade.compiler' => 'Illuminate\View\Compilers\BladeCompiler',
'cache' => ['Illuminate\Cache\CacheManager', 'Illuminate\Contracts\Cache\Factory'],
'cache.store' => ['Illuminate\Cache\Repository', 'Illuminate\Contracts\Cache\Repository'],
'config' => ['Illuminate\Config\Repository', 'Illuminate\Contracts\Config\Repository'],
'cookie' => ['Illuminate\Cookie\CookieJar', 'Illuminate\Contracts\Cookie\Factory', 'Illuminate\Contracts\Cookie\QueueingFactory'],
'encrypter' => ['Illuminate\Encryption\Encrypter', 'Illuminate\Contracts\Encryption\Encrypter'],
'db' => 'Illuminate\Database\DatabaseManager',
'db.connection' => ['Illuminate\Database\Connection', 'Illuminate\Database\ConnectionInterface'],
'events' => ['Illuminate\Events\Dispatcher', 'Illuminate\Contracts\Events\Dispatcher'],
'files' => 'Illuminate\Filesystem\Filesystem',
'filesystem' => ['Illuminate\Filesystem\FilesystemManager', 'Illuminate\Contracts\Filesystem\Factory'],
'filesystem.disk' => 'Illuminate\Contracts\Filesystem\Filesystem',
'filesystem.cloud' => 'Illuminate\Contracts\Filesystem\Cloud',
'hash' => 'Illuminate\Contracts\Hashing\Hasher',
'translator' => ['Illuminate\Translation\Translator', 'Symfony\Component\Translation\TranslatorInterface'],
'log' => ['Illuminate\Log\Writer', 'Illuminate\Contracts\Logging\Log', 'Psr\Log\LoggerInterface'],
'mailer' => ['Illuminate\Mail\Mailer', 'Illuminate\Contracts\Mail\Mailer', 'Illuminate\Contracts\Mail\MailQueue'],
'auth.password' => ['Illuminate\Auth\Passwords\PasswordBroker', 'Illuminate\Contracts\Auth\PasswordBroker'],
'queue' => ['Illuminate\Queue\QueueManager', 'Illuminate\Contracts\Queue\Factory', 'Illuminate\Contracts\Queue\Monitor'],
'queue.connection' => 'Illuminate\Contracts\Queue\Queue',
'redirect' => 'Illuminate\Routing\Redirector',
'redis' => ['Illuminate\Redis\Database', 'Illuminate\Contracts\Redis\Database'],
'request' => 'Illuminate\Http\Request',
'router' => ['Illuminate\Routing\Router', 'Illuminate\Contracts\Routing\Registrar'],
'session' => 'Illuminate\Session\SessionManager',
'session.store' => ['Illuminate\Session\Store', 'Symfony\Component\HttpFoundation\Session\SessionInterface'],
'url' => ['Illuminate\Routing\UrlGenerator', 'Illuminate\Contracts\Routing\UrlGenerator'],
'validator' => ['Illuminate\Validation\Factory', 'Illuminate\Contracts\Validation\Factory'],
'view' => ['Illuminate\View\Factory', 'Illuminate\Contracts\View\Factory'],
];
在我們自定義的介面實作時，我們可以在ServiceProvider中使用進行系結:
$this->app->bind('App\Contracts\EventPusher', 'App\Services\PusherEventPusher');
Facades
Facades 為應用程式的服務容器中可用的類提供了一個「靜態」介面，Laravel 「facades」作為在服務容器內基類的「靜態代理」，很難懂？
我們打開專案目錄下的config/app.php，然后找到
/*
|--------------------------------------------------------------------------
| Class Aliases
|--------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
| This array of class aliases will be registered when this application
| is started. However, feel free to register as many as you wish as
| the aliases are "lazy" loaded so they don't hinder performance.
|
*/
'aliases' => [
'App' => Illuminate\Support\Facades\App::class,
'Artisan' => Illuminate\Support\Facades\Artisan::class,
'Auth' => Illuminate\Support\Facades\Auth::class,
'Blade' => Illuminate\Support\Facades\Blade::class,
'Bus' => Illuminate\Support\Facades\Bus::class,
'Cache' => Illuminate\Support\Facades\Cache::class,
'Config' => Illuminate\Support\Facades\Config::class,
'Cookie' => Illuminate\Support\Facades\Cookie::class,
'Crypt' => Illuminate\Support\Facades\Crypt::class,
'DB' => Illuminate\Support\Facades\DB::class,
'Eloquent' => Illuminate\Database\Eloquent\Model::class,
'Event' => Illuminate\Support\Facades\Event::class,
'File' => Illuminate\Support\Facades\File::class,
'Gate' => Illuminate\Support\Facades\Gate::class,
'Hash' => Illuminate\Support\Facades\Hash::class,
'Input' => Illuminate\Support\Facades\Input::class,
'Lang' => Illuminate\Support\Facades\Lang::class,
'Log' => Illuminate\Support\Facades\Log::class,
'Mail' => Illuminate\Support\Facades\Mail::class,
'Password' => Illuminate\Support\Facades\Password::class,
'Queue' => Illuminate\Support\Facades\Queue::class,
'Redirect' => Illuminate\Support\Facades\Redirect::class,
'Redis' => Illuminate\Support\Facades\Redis::class,
'Request' => Illuminate\Support\Facades\Request::class,
'Response' => Illuminate\Support\Facades\Response::class,
'Route' => Illuminate\Support\Facades\Route::class,
'Schema' => Illuminate\Support\Facades\Schema::class,
'Session' => Illuminate\Support\Facades\Session::class,
'Storage' => Illuminate\Support\Facades\Storage::class,
'URL' => Illuminate\Support\Facades\URL::class,
'Validator' => Illuminate\Support\Facades\Validator::class,
'View' => Illuminate\Support\Facades\View::class,
],
你是不是發現了什么？對，Facades其實就是在config/app.php中定義的一系列類的別名，只不過這些類都具有一個共同的特點，那就是繼承基底 Illuminate\Support\Facades\Facade 類并實作一個方法：getFacadeAccessor回傳名稱，
自定義Facade
參考http://www.tutorialspoint.com/laravel/laravel_facades.htm
Step 1 −創建一個名為 TestFacadesServiceProvider的ServiceProvider ,使用如下命令即可:
php artisan make:provider TestFacadesServiceProvider
Step 2 − 創建一個底層代理類，命名為“TestFacades.php” at “App/Test”.
App/Test/TestFacades.php
<?php
namespace App\Test;
class TestFacades{
public function testingFacades(){
echo "Testing the Facades in Laravel.";
}
}
?>
Step 3 − 創建一個 Facade 類 called “TestFacades.php” at “App/Test/Facades”.
App/Test/Facades/TestFacades.php
<?php
namespace app\Test\Facades;
use Illuminate\Support\Facades\Facade;
class TestFacades extends Facade{
protected static function getFacadeAccessor() { return 'test'; }
}
Step 4 −創建一個ServiceProviders類，名為“TestFacadesServiceProviders.php” at “App/Test/Facades”.
App/Providers/TestFacadesServiceProviders.php
<?php
namespace App\Providers;
use App;
use Illuminate\Support\ServiceProvider;
class TestFacadesServiceProvider extends ServiceProvider {
public function boot() {
//
}
public function register() {
//可以這么系結,這需要use App;
// App::bind('test',function() {
// return new \App\Test\TestFacades;
// });
//也可以這么系結，推薦，這個test對應于Facade的getFacadeAccessor回傳值
$this->app->bind("test", function(){
return new MyFoo(); //給這個Facade回傳一個代理實體，所有對Facade的呼叫都會被轉發到該類物件下，
});
}
}
Step 5 − 在config/app.php注冊ServiceProvider類
Step 6 − 在config/app.php注冊自定義Facade的別名
使用測驗：
Add the following lines in app/Http/routes.php.
Route::get('/facadeex', function(){
return TestFacades::testingFacades();
});
Step 9 − Visit the following URL to test the Facade.
http://localhost:8000/facadeex去查看輸出
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