前言
在性能優化上,最常見的手段就是快取,對需要經常訪問的資源進行快取,減少請求或者是初始化的程序,從而降低時間或記憶體的消耗,Vue 為我們提供了快取組件 keep-alive,它可用于路由級別或組件級別的快取,
但其中的快取原理你是否了解,組件快取渲染又是如何作業,那么本文就來決議 keep-alive 的原理,
LRU策略
在使用 keep-alive 時,可以添加 prop 屬性 include、exclude、max 允許組件有條件的快取,既然有限制條件,舊的組件需要洗掉快取,新的組件就需要加入到最新快取,那么要如何制定對應的策略?
LRU(Least recently used,最近最少使用)策略根據資料的歷史訪問記錄來進行淘汰資料,LRU 策略的設計原則是,如果一個資料在最近一段時間沒有被訪問到,那么在將來它被訪問的可能性也很小,也就是說,當限定的空間已存滿資料時,應當把最久沒有被訪問到的資料淘汰,

- 現在快取最大只允許存3個組件,ABC三個組件依次進入快取,沒有任何問題
- 當D組件被訪問時,記憶體空間不足,A是最早進入也是最舊的組件,所以A組件從快取中洗掉,D組件加入到最新的位置
- 當B組件被再次訪問時,由于B還在快取中,B移動到最新的位置,其他組件相應的往后一位
- 當E組件被訪問時,記憶體空間不足,C變成最久未使用的組件,C組件從快取中洗掉,E組件加入到最新的位置
keep-alive 快取機制便是根據LRU策略來設定快取組件新鮮度,將很久未訪問的組件從快取中洗掉,了解完快取機制,接下來進入原始碼,看看keep-alive組件是如何實作的,
組件實作原理
// 原始碼位置:src/core/components/keep-alive.js
export default {
name: 'keep-alive',
abstract: true,
props: {
include: patternTypes,
exclude: patternTypes,
max: [String, Number]
},
created () {
this.cache = Object.create(null)
this.keys = []
},
destroyed () {
for (const key in this.cache) {
pruneCacheEntry(this.cache, key, this.keys)
}
},
mounted () {
this.$watch('include', val => {
pruneCache(this, name => matches(val, name))
})
this.$watch('exclude', val => {
pruneCache(this, name => !matches(val, name))
})
},
render () {
const slot = this.$slots.default
const vnode: VNode = getFirstComponentChild(slot)
const componentOptions: ?VNodeComponentOptions = vnode && vnode.componentOptions
if (componentOptions) {
// check pattern
const name: ?string = getComponentName(componentOptions)
const { include, exclude } = this
if (
// not included
(include && (!name || !matches(include, name))) ||
// excluded
(exclude && name && matches(exclude, name))
) {
return vnode
}
const { cache, keys } = this
const key: ?string = vnode.key == null
// same constructor may get registered as different local components
// so cid alone is not enough (#3269)
? componentOptions.Ctor.cid + (componentOptions.tag ? `::${componentOptions.tag}` : '')
: vnode.key
if (cache[key]) {
vnode.componentInstance = cache[key].componentInstance
// make current key freshest
remove(keys, key)
keys.push(key)
} else {
cache[key] = vnode
keys.push(key)
// prune oldest entry
if (this.max && keys.length > parseInt(this.max)) {
pruneCacheEntry(cache, keys[0], keys, this._vnode)
}
}
vnode.data.keepAlive = true
}
return vnode || (slot && slot[0])
}
}
kepp-alive 實際是一個抽象組件,只對包裹的子組件做處理,并不會和子組件建立父子關系,也不會作為節點渲染到頁面上,在組件開頭就設定 abstract 為 true,代表該組件是一個抽象組件,
// 原始碼位置: src/core/instance/lifecycle.js
export function initLifecycle (vm: Component) {
const options = vm.$options
// locate first non-abstract parent
let parent = options.parent
if (parent && !options.abstract) {
while (parent.$options.abstract && parent.$parent) {
parent = parent.$parent
}
parent.$children.push(vm)
}
vm.$parent = parent
// ...
}
那么抽象組件是如何忽略這層關系的呢?在初始化階段會呼叫 initLifecycle,里面判斷父級是否為抽象組件,如果是抽象組件,就選取抽象組件的上一級作為父級,忽略與抽象組件和子組件之間的層級關系,
回到 keep-alive 組件,組件是沒有撰寫
template 模板,而是由 render 函式決定渲染結果,
const slot = this.$slots.default
const vnode: VNode = getFirstComponentChild(slot)
如果 keep-alive 存在多個子元素,keep-alive 要求同時只有一個子元素被渲染,所以在開頭會獲取插槽內的子元素,呼叫 getFirstComponentChild 獲取到第一個子元素的 VNode,
// check pattern
const name: ?string = getComponentName(componentOptions)
const { include, exclude } = this
if (
// not included
(include && (!name || !matches(include, name))) ||
// excluded
(exclude && name && matches(exclude, name))
) {
return vnode
}
function matches (pattern: string | RegExp | Array<string>, name: string): boolean {
if (Array.isArray(pattern)) {
return pattern.indexOf(name) > -1
} else if (typeof pattern === 'string') {
return pattern.split(',').indexOf(name) > -1
} else if (isRegExp(pattern)) {
return pattern.test(name)
}
return false
}
接著判斷當前組件是否符合快取條件,組件名與include不匹配或與exclude匹配都會直接退出并回傳 VNode,不走快取機制,
const { cache, keys } = this
const key: ?string = vnode.key == null
// same constructor may get registered as different local components
// so cid alone is not enough (#3269)
? componentOptions.Ctor.cid + (componentOptions.tag ? `::${componentOptions.tag}` : '')
: vnode.key
if (cache[key]) {
vnode.componentInstance = cache[key].componentInstance
// make current key freshest
remove(keys, key)
keys.push(key)
} else {
cache[key] = vnode
keys.push(key)
// prune oldest entry
if (this.max && keys.length > parseInt(this.max)) {
pruneCacheEntry(cache, keys[0], keys, this._vnode)
}
}
vnode.data.keepAlive = true
匹配條件通過會進入快取機制的邏輯,如果命中快取,從 cache 中獲取快取的實體設定到當前的組件上,并調整 key 的位置將其放到最后,如果沒命中快取,將當前 VNode 快取起來,并加入當前組件的 key,如果快取組件的數量超出 max 的值,即快取空間不足,則呼叫 pruneCacheEntry 將最舊的組件從快取中洗掉,即 keys[0] 的組件,之后將組件的 keepAlive 標記為 true,表示它是被快取的組件,
function pruneCacheEntry (
cache: VNodeCache,
key: string,
keys: Array<string>,
current?: VNode
) {
const cached = cache[key]
if (cached && (!current || cached.tag !== current.tag)) {
cached.componentInstance.$destroy()
}
cache[key] = null
remove(keys, key)
}
pruneCacheEntry 負責將組件從快取中洗掉,它會呼叫組件 $destroy 方法銷毀組件實體,快取組件置空,并移除對應的 key,
mounted () {
this.$watch('include', val => {
pruneCache(this, name => matches(val, name))
})
this.$watch('exclude', val => {
pruneCache(this, name => !matches(val, name))
})
}
function pruneCache (keepAliveInstance: any, filter: Function) {
const { cache, keys, _vnode } = keepAliveInstance
for (const key in cache) {
const cachedNode: ?VNode = cache[key]
if (cachedNode) {
const name: ?string = getComponentName(cachedNode.componentOptions)
if (name && !filter(name)) {
pruneCacheEntry(cache, key, keys, _vnode)
}
}
}
}
keep-alive 在 mounted 會監聽 include 和 exclude 的變化,屬性發生改變時調整快取和 keys 的順序,最終呼叫的也是 pruneCacheEntry,
小結:cache 用于快取組件,keys 存盤組件的 key,根據LRU策略來調整快取組件,keep-alive 的 render 中最后會回傳組件的 VNode,因此我們也可以得出一個結論,keep-alive 并非真的不會渲染,而是渲染的物件是包裹的子組件,
組件渲染流程
溫馨提示:這部分內容需要對
render和patch程序有了解
渲染程序最主要的兩個程序就是 render 和 patch,在 render 之前還會有模板編譯,render 函式就是模板編譯后的產物,它負責構建 VNode 樹,構建好的 VNode 會傳遞給 patch,patch 根據 VNode 的關系生成真實dom節點樹,
這張圖描述了 Vue 視圖渲染的流程:

VNode構建完成后,最侄訓被轉換成真實dom,而 patch 是必經的程序,為了更好的理解組件渲染的程序,假設 keep-alive 包括的組件有A和B兩個組件,默認展示A組件,
初始化渲染
組件在 patch 程序是會執行 createComponent 來掛載組件的,A組件也不例外,
// 原始碼位置:src/core/vdom/patch.js
function createComponent (vnode, insertedVnodeQueue, parentElm, refElm) {
let i = vnode.data
if (isDef(i)) {
const isReactivated = isDef(vnode.componentInstance) && i.keepAlive
if (isDef(i = i.hook) && isDef(i = i.init)) {
i(vnode, false /* hydrating */)
}
// after calling the init hook, if the vnode is a child component
// it should've created a child instance and mounted it. the child
// component also has set the placeholder vnode's elm.
// in that case we can just return the element and be done.
if (isDef(vnode.componentInstance)) {
initComponent(vnode, insertedVnodeQueue)
insert(parentElm, vnode.elm, refElm)
if (isTrue(isReactivated)) {
reactivateComponent(vnode, insertedVnodeQueue, parentElm, refElm)
}
return true
}
}
}
isReactivated 標識組件是否重新激活,在初始化渲染時,A組件還沒有初始化構造完成,componentInstance 還是 undefined,而A組件的 keepAlive 是 true,因為 keep-alive 作為父級包裹組件,會先于A組件掛載,也就是 kepp-alive 會先執行 render 的程序,A組件被快取起來,之后對插槽內第一個組件(A組件)的 keepAlive 賦值為 true,不記得這個程序請看上面組件實作的代碼,所以此時的 isReactivated 是 false,
接著會呼叫 init 函式進行組件初始化,它是組件的一個鉤子函式:
// 原始碼位置:src/core/vdom/create-component.js
const componentVNodeHooks = {
init (vnode: VNodeWithData, hydrating: boolean): ?boolean {
if (
vnode.componentInstance &&
!vnode.componentInstance._isDestroyed &&
vnode.data.keepAlive
) {
// kept-alive components, treat as a patch
const mountedNode: any = vnode // work around flow
componentVNodeHooks.prepatch(mountedNode, mountedNode)
} else {
const child = vnode.componentInstance = createComponentInstanceForVnode(
vnode,
activeInstance
)
child.$mount(hydrating ? vnode.elm : undefined, hydrating)
}
},
// ...
}
createComponentInstanceForVnode 內會 new Vue 構造組件實體并賦值到 componentInstance,隨后呼叫 $mount 掛載組件,
回 createComponent,繼續走下面的邏輯:
if (isDef(vnode.componentInstance)) {
initComponent(vnode, insertedVnodeQueue)
insert(parentElm, vnode.elm, refElm)
if (isTrue(isReactivated)) {
reactivateComponent(vnode, insertedVnodeQueue, parentElm, refElm)
}
return true
}
呼叫 initComponent 將 vnode.elm 賦值為真實dom,然后呼叫 insert 將組件的真實dom插入到父元素中,
所以在初始化渲染中,keep-alive 將A組件快取起來,然后正常的渲染A組件,
快取渲染
當切換到B組件,再切換回A組件時,A組件命中快取被重新激活,
再次經歷 patch 程序,keep-alive 是根據插槽獲取當前的組件,那么插槽的內容又是如何更新實作快取?
const isRealElement = isDef(oldVnode.nodeType)
if (!isRealElement && sameVnode(oldVnode, vnode)) {
// patch existing root node
patchVnode(oldVnode, vnode, insertedVnodeQueue, null, null, removeOnly)
}
非初始化渲染時,patch 會呼叫 patchVnode 對比新舊節點,
// 原始碼位置:src/core/vdom/patch.js
function patchVnode (
oldVnode,
vnode,
insertedVnodeQueue,
ownerArray,
index,
removeOnly
) {
// ...
let i
const data = https://www.cnblogs.com/chanwahfung/p/vnode.data
if (isDef(data) && isDef(i = data.hook) && isDef(i = i.prepatch)) {
i(oldVnode, vnode)
}
// ...
}
patchVnode 內會呼叫鉤子函式 prepatch,
// 原始碼位置: src/core/vdom/create-component.js
prepatch (oldVnode: MountedComponentVNode, vnode: MountedComponentVNode) {
const options = vnode.componentOptions
const child = vnode.componentInstance = oldVnode.componentInstance
updateChildComponent(
child,
options.propsData, // updated props
options.listeners, // updated listeners
vnode, // new parent vnode
options.children // new children
)
},
updateChildComponent 就是更新的關鍵方法,它里面主要是更新實體的一些屬性:
// 原始碼位置:src/core/instance/lifecycle.js
export function updateChildComponent (
vm: Component,
propsData: ?Object,
listeners: ?Object,
parentVnode: MountedComponentVNode,
renderChildren: ?Array<VNode>
) {
// ...
// Any static slot children from the parent may have changed during parent's
// update. Dynamic scoped slots may also have changed. In such cases, a forced
// update is necessary to ensure correctness.
const needsForceUpdate = !!(
renderChildren || // has new static slots
vm.$options._renderChildren || // has old static slots
hasDynamicScopedSlot
)
// ...
// resolve slots + force update if has children
if (needsForceUpdate) {
vm.$slots = resolveSlots(renderChildren, parentVnode.context)
vm.$forceUpdate()
}
}
Vue.prototype.$forceUpdate = function () {
const vm: Component = this
if (vm._watcher) {
// 這里最侄訓執行 vm._update(vm._render)
vm._watcher.update()
}
}
從注釋中可以看到 needsForceUpdate 是有插槽才會為 true,keep-alive 符合條件,首先呼叫 resolveSlots 更新 keep-alive 的插槽,然后呼叫 $forceUpdate 讓 keep-alive 重新渲染,再走一遍 render,因為A組件在初始化已經快取了,keep-alive 直接回傳快取好的A組件 VNode,VNode 準備好后,又來到了 patch 階段,
function createComponent (vnode, insertedVnodeQueue, parentElm, refElm) {
let i = vnode.data
if (isDef(i)) {
const isReactivated = isDef(vnode.componentInstance) && i.keepAlive
if (isDef(i = i.hook) && isDef(i = i.init)) {
i(vnode, false /* hydrating */)
}
// after calling the init hook, if the vnode is a child component
// it should've created a child instance and mounted it. the child
// component also has set the placeholder vnode's elm.
// in that case we can just return the element and be done.
if (isDef(vnode.componentInstance)) {
initComponent(vnode, insertedVnodeQueue)
insert(parentElm, vnode.elm, refElm)
if (isTrue(isReactivated)) {
reactivateComponent(vnode, insertedVnodeQueue, parentElm, refElm)
}
return true
}
}
}
A組件再次經歷 createComponent 的程序,呼叫 init,
const componentVNodeHooks = {
init (vnode: VNodeWithData, hydrating: boolean): ?boolean {
if (
vnode.componentInstance &&
!vnode.componentInstance._isDestroyed &&
vnode.data.keepAlive
) {
// kept-alive components, treat as a patch
const mountedNode: any = vnode // work around flow
componentVNodeHooks.prepatch(mountedNode, mountedNode)
} else {
const child = vnode.componentInstance = createComponentInstanceForVnode(
vnode,
activeInstance
)
child.$mount(hydrating ? vnode.elm : undefined, hydrating)
}
},
}
這時將不再走 $mount 的邏輯,只呼叫 prepatch 更新實體屬性,所以在快取組件被激活時,不會執行 created 和 mounted 的生命周期函式,
回到 createComponent,此時的 isReactivated 為 true,呼叫 reactivateComponent:
function reactivateComponent (vnode, insertedVnodeQueue, parentElm, refElm) {
let i
// hack for #4339: a reactivated component with inner transition
// does not trigger because the inner node's created hooks are not called
// again. It's not ideal to involve module-specific logic in here but
// there doesn't seem to be a better way to do it.
let innerNode = vnode
while (innerNode.componentInstance) {
innerNode = innerNode.componentInstance._vnode
if (isDef(i = innerNode.data) && isDef(i = i.transition)) {
for (i = 0; i < cbs.activate.length; ++i) {
cbs.activate[i](emptyNode, innerNode)
}
insertedVnodeQueue.push(innerNode)
break
}
}
// unlike a newly created component,
// a reactivated keep-alive component doesn't insert itself
insert(parentElm, vnode.elm, refElm)
}
最后呼叫 insert 插入組件的dom節點,至此快取渲染流程完成,
小結:組件首次渲染時,keep-alive 會將組件快取起來,等到快取渲染時,keep-alive 會更新插槽內容,之后 $forceUpdate 重新渲染,這樣在 render 時就獲取到最新的組件,如果命中快取則從快取中回傳 VNode,
總結
keep-alive 組件是抽象組件,在對應父子關系時會跳過抽象組件,它只對包裹的子組件做處理,主要是根據LRU策略快取組件 VNode,最后在 render 時回傳子組件的 VNode,快取渲染程序會更新 keep-alive 插槽,重新再 render 一次,從快取中讀取之前的組件 VNode 實作狀態快取,
往期相關文章:
手摸手帶你理解Vue回應式原理
手摸手帶你理解Vue的Computed原理
手摸手帶你理解Vue的Watch原理
Vue你不得不知道的異步更新機制和nextTick原理
Vue視圖渲染原理決議,從構建VNode到生成真實節點樹
轉載請註明出處,本文鏈接:https://www.uj5u.com/qiye/4039.html
標籤:JavaScript
