Requests 是一個 Python 的 HTTP 客戶端庫，

Request支持HTTP連接保持和連接池，支持使用cookie保持會話，支持檔案上傳，支持自動回應內容的編碼，支持國際化的URL和POST資料自動編碼，

在python內置模塊的基礎上進行了高度的封裝從而使得python進行網路請求時，變得人性化，使用Requests可以輕而易舉的完成瀏覽器可有的任何操作，現代，國際化，友好，

requests會自動實作持久連接keep-alive

開源地址：https://github.com/kennethreitz/requests
中文檔案：http://docs.python-requests.org/zh_CN/latest/index.html

目錄
一、Requests基礎
二、發送請求與接收回應（基本GET請求）
三、發送請求與接收回應（基本POST請求）
四、response屬性
五、代理
六、cookie和session
七、案例

一、Requests基礎

1.安裝Requests庫

pip install  requests

2.使用Requests庫

import requests

二、發送請求與接收回應（基本GET請求）

response = requests.get(url)

1.傳送 parmas引數

引數包含在url中

response = requests.get("http://httpbin.org/get?name=zhangsan&age=22")
print(response.text)

通過get方法傳送引數

data = {
        "name": "zhangsan",
        "age": 30
    }
response = requests.get("http://httpbin.org/get", params=data)
print(response.text)

2.模擬發送請求頭（傳送headers引數）

headers = {
    "User-Agent": "Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/76.0.3809.100 Safari/537.36"
}
response = requests.get("http://httpbin.org/get", headers=headers)
print(response.text)

三、發送請求與接收回應（基本POST請求）

response = requests.post(url, data = data, headers=headers)

四、response屬性

屬性	描述
response.text	獲取str型別（Unicode編碼）的回應
response.content	獲取bytes型別的回應
response.status_code	獲取回應狀態碼
response.headers	獲取回應頭
response.request	獲取回應對應的請求

五、代理

proxies = {
    "http": "https://175.44.148.176:9000",
    "https": "https://183.129.207.86:14002"
}
response = requests.get("https://www.baidu.com/", proxies=proxies)

六、cookie和session

使用的cookie和session好處：很多網站必須登錄之后(或者獲取某種權限之后)才能能夠請求到相關資料，
使用的cookie和session的弊端：一套cookie和session往往和一個用戶對應.請求太快，請求次數太多，容易被服務器識別為爬蟲，從而使賬號收到損害，

1.不需要cookie的時候盡量不去使用cookie，
2.為了獲取登錄之后的頁面，我們必須發送帶有cookies的請求，此時為了確保賬號安全應該盡量降低資料
采集速度，

1.cookie

（1）獲取cookie資訊

response.cookies

2.session

（1）構造session回話物件

session = requests.session()

示例：

def login_renren():
    login_url = 'http://www.renren.com/SysHome.do'
    headers = {
        "User-Agent": "Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/76.0.3809.100 Safari/537.36"
    }

    session = requests.session()

    login_data = {
        "email": "賬號",
        "password": "密碼"
    }

    response = session.post(login_url, data=login_data, headers=headers)

    response = session.get("http://www.renren.com/971909762/newsfeed/photo")
    print(response.text)

login_renren()

七、案例

案例1：百度貼吧頁面爬取（GET請求）

import requests
import sys

class BaiduTieBa:
    def __init__(self, name, pn, ):
        self.name = name
        self.url = "http://tieba.baidu.com/f?kw={}&ie=utf-8&pn={}".format(name, pn)
        self.headers = {
            # "User-Agent": "Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/76.0.3809.100 Safari/537.36"

            # 使用較老版本的請求頭，該瀏覽器不支持js
            "User-Agent": "Mozilla/4.0 (compatible; MSIE 5.01; Windows NT 5.0)"
        }
        self.url_list = [self.url + str(pn*50) for pn in range(pn)]
        print(self.url_list)

    def get_data(self, url):
        """
        請求資料
        :param url:
        :return:
        """
        response = requests.get(url, headers=self.headers)
        return response.content

    def save_data(self, data, num):
        """
        保存資料
        :param data:
        :param num:
        :return:
        """
        file_name = "./pages/" + self.name + "_" + str(num) + ".html"
        with open(file_name, "wb") as f:
            f.write(data)

    def run(self):
        for url in self.url_list:
            data = self.get_data(url)
            num = self.url_list.index(url)
            self.save_data(data, num)

if __name__ == "__main__":
    name = sys.argv[1]
    pn = int(sys.argv[2])
    baidu = BaiduTieBa(name, pn)
    baidu.run()

案例2：金山詞霸翻譯（POST請求）

import requests
import sys
import json

class JinshanCiBa:
    def __init__(self, words):
        self.url = "http://fy.iciba.com/ajax.php?a=fy"
        self.headers = {
            "User-Agent": "Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; WOW64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/58.0.3029.110 Safari/537.36 SE 2.X MetaSr 1.0",
            "X-Requested-With": "XMLHttpRequest"
        }
        self.post_data = {
            "f": "auto",
            "t": "auto",
            "w": words
        }

    def get_data(self):
        """
        請求資料
        :param url:
        :return:
        """
        response = requests.post(self.url, data=self.post_data, headers=self.headers)
        return response.text

    def show_translation(self):
        """
        顯示翻譯結果
        :param data:
        :param num:
        :return:
        """
        response = self.get_data()
        json_data = json.loads(response, encoding='utf-8')
        if json_data['status'] == 0:
            translation = json_data['content']['word_mean']
        elif json_data['status'] == 1:
            translation = json_data['content']['out']
        else:
            translation = None
        print(translation)

    def run(self):
        self.show_translation()

if __name__ == "__main__":
    words = sys.argv[1]
    ciba = JinshanCiBa(words)
    ciba.run()

在這里插入圖片描述

案例3：百度貼吧圖片爬取

（1）普通版

從已下載頁面中提取url來爬取圖片（頁面下載方法見案例1）

from lxml import etree
import requests

class DownloadPhoto:
    def __init__(self):
        pass

    def download_img(self, url):
        response = requests.get(url)
        index = url.rfind('/')
        file_name = url[index + 1:]
        print("下載圖片：" + file_name)
        save_name = "./photo/" + file_name
        with open(save_name, "wb") as f:
            f.write(response.content)

    def parse_photo_url(self, page):
        html = etree.parse(page, etree.HTMLParser())
        nodes = html.xpath("//a[contains(@class, 'thumbnail')]/img/@bpic")
        print(nodes)
        print(len(nodes))
        for node in nodes:
            self.download_img(node)

if __name__ == "__main__":
    download = DownloadPhoto()
    for i in range(6000):
        download.parse_photo_url("./pages/校花_{}.html".format(i))

（2）多執行緒版

main.py

import requests
from lxml import etree

from file_download import DownLoadExecutioner, file_download

class XiaoHua:
    def __init__(self, init_url):
        self.init_url = init_url
        self.download_executioner = DownLoadExecutioner()

    def start(self):
        self.download_executioner.start()
        self.download_img(self.init_url)

    def download_img(self, url):
        html_text = file_download(url, type='text')
        html = etree.HTML(html_text)
        img_urls = html.xpath("//a[contains(@class,'thumbnail')]/img/@bpic")
        self.download_executioner.put_task(img_urls)

        # 獲取下一頁的連接
        next_page = html.xpath("//div[@id='frs_list_pager']/a[contains(@class,'next')]/@href")
        next_page = "http:" + next_page[0]
        self.download_img(next_page)

if __name__ == '__main__':
    x = XiaoHua("http://tieba.baidu.com/f?kw=校花&ie=utf-8")
    x.start()

file_download.py

import requests
import threading
from queue import Queue

def file_download(url, type='content'):
    headers = {
        'User-Agent': 'Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; WOW64; Trident/7.0; rv:11.0) like Gecko'
    }
    r = requests.get(url, headers=headers)
    if type == 'text':
        return r.text

    return r.content

class DownLoadExecutioner(threading.Thread):
    def __init__(self):
        super().__init__()
        self.q = Queue(maxsize=50)
        # 圖片保存目錄
        self.save_dir = './img/'
        # 圖片計數
        self.index = 0

    def put_task(self, urls):
        if isinstance(urls, list):
            for url in urls:
                self.q.put(url)
        else:
            self.q.put(urls)

    def run(self):
        while True:
            url = self.q.get()
            content = file_download(url)

            # 截取圖片名稱
            index = url.rfind('/')
            file_name = url[index+1:]
            save_name = self.save_dir + file_name
            with open(save_name, 'wb+') as f:
                f.write(content)
                self.index += 1
                print(save_name + "下載成功!  當前已下載圖片總數：" + str(self.index))

（3）執行緒池版

main.py

import requests
from lxml import etree

from file_download_pool import DownLoadExecutionerPool, file_download

class XiaoHua:
    def __init__(self, init_url):
        self.init_url = init_url
        self.download_executioner = DownLoadExecutionerPool()

    def start(self):
        self.download_img(self.init_url)

    def download_img(self, url):
        html_text = file_download(url, type='text')
        html = etree.HTML(html_text)
        img_urls = html.xpath("//a[contains(@class,'thumbnail')]/img/@bpic")
        self.download_executioner.put_task(img_urls)

        # 獲取下一頁的連接
        next_page = html.xpath("//div[@id='frs_list_pager']/a[contains(@class,'next')]/@href")
        next_page = "http:" + next_page[0]
        self.download_img(next_page)

if __name__ == '__main__':
    x = XiaoHua("http://tieba.baidu.com/f?kw=校花&ie=utf-8")
    x.start()

file_download_pool.py

import requests
import concurrent.futures as futures

def file_download(url, type='content'):
    headers = {
        'User-Agent': 'Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; WOW64; Trident/7.0; rv:11.0) like Gecko'
    }
    r = requests.get(url, headers=headers)
    if type == 'text':
        return r.text

    return r.content

class DownLoadExecutionerPool():
    def __init__(self):
        super().__init__()
        # 圖片保存目錄
        self.save_dir = './img_pool/'
        # 圖片計數
        self.index = 0
        # 執行緒池
        self.ex = futures.ThreadPoolExecutor(max_workers=30)

    def put_task(self, urls):
        if isinstance(urls, list):
            for url in urls:
                self.ex.submit(self.save_img, url)
        else:
            self.ex.submit(self.save_img, urls)

    def save_img(self, url):
        content = file_download(url)

        # 截取圖片名稱
        index = url.rfind('/')
        file_name = url[index+1:]
        save_name = self.save_dir + file_name
        with open(save_name, 'wb+') as f:
            f.write(content)
            self.index += 1
            print(save_name + "下載成功!  當前已下載圖片總數：" + str(self.index))

作者：Recalcitrant
鏈接：https://www.jianshu.com/p/140012f88f8eRequests 是一個 Python 的 HTTP 客戶端庫，

Request支持HTTP連接保持和連接池，支持使用cookie保持會話，支持檔案上傳，支持自動回應內容的編碼，支持國際化的URL和POST資料自動編碼，
在python內置模塊的基礎上進行了高度的封裝，從而使得python進行網路請求時，變得人性化，使用Requests可以輕而易舉的完成瀏覽器可有的任何操作，現代，國際化，友好，

requests會自動實作持久連接keep-alive
![image](http://upload-images.jianshu.io/upload_images/17476284-aaaae0326f700dc7.png）

開源地址：https://github.com/kennethreitz/requests
中文檔案：http://docs.python-requests.org/zh_CN/latest/index.html

目錄
一、Requests基礎
二、發送請求與接收回應（基本GET請求）
三、發送請求與接收回應（基本POST請求）
四、response屬性
五、代理
六、cookie和session
七、案例

一、Requests基礎

1.安裝Requests庫

pip install  requests

2.使用Requests庫

import requests

二、發送請求與接收回應（基本GET請求）

response = requests.get(url)

1.傳送 parmas引數

引數包含在url中

response = requests.get("http://httpbin.org/get?name=zhangsan&age=22")
print(response.text)

通過get方法傳送引數

data = {
        "name": "zhangsan",
        "age": 30
    }
response = requests.get("http://httpbin.org/get", params=data)
print(response.text)

2.模擬發送請求頭（傳送headers引數）

headers = {
    "User-Agent": "Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/76.0.3809.100 Safari/537.36"
}
response = requests.get("http://httpbin.org/get", headers=headers)
print(response.text)

三、發送請求與接收回應（基本POST請求）

response = requests.post(url, data = data, headers=headers)

四、response屬性

屬性	描述
response.text	獲取str型別（Unicode編碼）的回應
response.content	獲取bytes型別的回應
response.status_code	獲取回應狀態碼
response.headers	獲取回應頭
response.request	獲取回應對應的請求

五、代理

proxies = {
    "http": "https://175.44.148.176:9000",
    "https": "https://183.129.207.86:14002"
}
response = requests.get("https://www.baidu.com/", proxies=proxies)

六、cookie和session

使用的cookie和session好處：很多網站必須登錄之后(或者獲取某種權限之后)才能能夠請求到相關資料，
使用的cookie和session的弊端：一套cookie和session往往和一個用戶對應.請求太快，請求次數太多，容易被服務器識別為爬蟲，從而使賬號收到損害，

1.不需要cookie的時候盡量不去使用cookie，
2.為了獲取登錄之后的頁面，我們必須發送帶有cookies的請求，此時為了確保賬號安全應該盡量降低資料
采集速度，

1.cookie

（1）獲取cookie資訊

response.cookies

2.session

（1）構造session回話物件

session = requests.session()

示例：

def login_renren():
    login_url = 'http://www.renren.com/SysHome.do'
    headers = {
        "User-Agent": "Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/76.0.3809.100 Safari/537.36"
    }

    session = requests.session()

    login_data = {
        "email": "賬號",
        "password": "密碼"
    }

    response = session.post(login_url, data=login_data, headers=headers)

    response = session.get("http://www.renren.com/971909762/newsfeed/photo")
    print(response.text)

login_renren()

七、案例

案例1：百度貼吧頁面爬取（GET請求）

import requests
import sys

class BaiduTieBa:
    def __init__(self, name, pn, ):
        self.name = name
        self.url = "http://tieba.baidu.com/f?kw={}&ie=utf-8&pn={}".format(name, pn)
        self.headers = {
            # "User-Agent": "Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/76.0.3809.100 Safari/537.36"

            # 使用較老版本的請求頭，該瀏覽器不支持js
            "User-Agent": "Mozilla/4.0 (compatible; MSIE 5.01; Windows NT 5.0)"
        }
        self.url_list = [self.url + str(pn*50) for pn in range(pn)]
        print(self.url_list)

    def get_data(self, url):
        """
        請求資料
        :param url:
        :return:
        """
        response = requests.get(url, headers=self.headers)
        return response.content

    def save_data(self, data, num):
        """
        保存資料
        :param data:
        :param num:
        :return:
        """
        file_name = "./pages/" + self.name + "_" + str(num) + ".html"
        with open(file_name, "wb") as f:
            f.write(data)

    def run(self):
        for url in self.url_list:
            data = self.get_data(url)
            num = self.url_list.index(url)
            self.save_data(data, num)

if __name__ == "__main__":
    name = sys.argv[1]
    pn = int(sys.argv[2])
    baidu = BaiduTieBa(name, pn)
    baidu.run()

案例2：金山詞霸翻譯（POST請求）

import requests
import sys
import json

class JinshanCiBa:
    def __init__(self, words):
        self.url = "http://fy.iciba.com/ajax.php?a=fy"
        self.headers = {
            "User-Agent": "Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; WOW64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/58.0.3029.110 Safari/537.36 SE 2.X MetaSr 1.0",
            "X-Requested-With": "XMLHttpRequest"
        }
        self.post_data = {
            "f": "auto",
            "t": "auto",
            "w": words
        }

    def get_data(self):
        """
        請求資料
        :param url:
        :return:
        """
        response = requests.post(self.url, data=self.post_data, headers=self.headers)
        return response.text

    def show_translation(self):
        """
        顯示翻譯結果
        :param data:
        :param num:
        :return:
        """
        response = self.get_data()
        json_data = json.loads(response, encoding='utf-8')
        if json_data['status'] == 0:
            translation = json_data['content']['word_mean']
        elif json_data['status'] == 1:
            translation = json_data['content']['out']
        else:
            translation = None
        print(translation)

    def run(self):
        self.show_translation()

if __name__ == "__main__":
    words = sys.argv[1]
    ciba = JinshanCiBa(words)
    ciba.run()

案例3：百度貼吧圖片爬取

（1）普通版

從已下載頁面中提取url來爬取圖片（頁面下載方法見案例1）

from lxml import etree
import requests

class DownloadPhoto:
    def __init__(self):
        pass

    def download_img(self, url):
        response = requests.get(url)
        index = url.rfind('/')
        file_name = url[index + 1:]
        print("下載圖片：" + file_name)
        save_name = "./photo/" + file_name
        with open(save_name, "wb") as f:
            f.write(response.content)

    def parse_photo_url(self, page):
        html = etree.parse(page, etree.HTMLParser())
        nodes = html.xpath("//a[contains(@class, 'thumbnail')]/img/@bpic")
        print(nodes)
        print(len(nodes))
        for node in nodes:
            self.download_img(node)

if __name__ == "__main__":
    download = DownloadPhoto()
    for i in range(6000):
        download.parse_photo_url("./pages/校花_{}.html".format(i))

（2）多執行緒版

main.py

import requests
from lxml import etree

from file_download import DownLoadExecutioner, file_download

class XiaoHua:
    def __init__(self, init_url):
        self.init_url = init_url
        self.download_executioner = DownLoadExecutioner()

    def start(self):
        self.download_executioner.start()
        self.download_img(self.init_url)

    def download_img(self, url):
        html_text = file_download(url, type='text')
        html = etree.HTML(html_text)
        img_urls = html.xpath("//a[contains(@class,'thumbnail')]/img/@bpic")
        self.download_executioner.put_task(img_urls)

        # 獲取下一頁的連接
        next_page = html.xpath("//div[@id='frs_list_pager']/a[contains(@class,'next')]/@href")
        next_page = "http:" + next_page[0]
        self.download_img(next_page)

if __name__ == '__main__':
    x = XiaoHua("http://tieba.baidu.com/f?kw=校花&ie=utf-8")
    x.start()

file_download.py

import requests
import threading
from queue import Queue

def file_download(url, type='content'):
    headers = {
        'User-Agent': 'Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; WOW64; Trident/7.0; rv:11.0) like Gecko'
    }
    r = requests.get(url, headers=headers)
    if type == 'text':
        return r.text

    return r.content

class DownLoadExecutioner(threading.Thread):
    def __init__(self):
        super().__init__()
        self.q = Queue(maxsize=50)
        # 圖片保存目錄
        self.save_dir = './img/'
        # 圖片計數
        self.index = 0

    def put_task(self, urls):
        if isinstance(urls, list):
            for url in urls:
                self.q.put(url)
        else:
            self.q.put(urls)

    def run(self):
        while True:
            url = self.q.get()
            content = file_download(url)

            # 截取圖片名稱
            index = url.rfind('/')
            file_name = url[index+1:]
            save_name = self.save_dir + file_name
            with open(save_name, 'wb+') as f:
                f.write(content)
                self.index += 1
                print(save_name + "下載成功!  當前已下載圖片總數：" + str(self.index))

（3）執行緒池版

main.py

import requests
from lxml import etree

from file_download_pool import DownLoadExecutionerPool, file_download

class XiaoHua:
    def __init__(self, init_url):
        self.init_url = init_url
        self.download_executioner = DownLoadExecutionerPool()

    def start(self):
        self.download_img(self.init_url)

    def download_img(self, url):
        html_text = file_download(url, type='text')
        html = etree.HTML(html_text)
        img_urls = html.xpath("//a[contains(@class,'thumbnail')]/img/@bpic")
        self.download_executioner.put_task(img_urls)

        # 獲取下一頁的連接
        next_page = html.xpath("//div[@id='frs_list_pager']/a[contains(@class,'next')]/@href")
        next_page = "http:" + next_page[0]
        self.download_img(next_page)

if __name__ == '__main__':
    x = XiaoHua("http://tieba.baidu.com/f?kw=校花&ie=utf-8")
    x.start()

file_download_pool.py

import requests
import concurrent.futures as futures

def file_download(url, type='content'):
    headers = {
        'User-Agent': 'Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; WOW64; Trident/7.0; rv:11.0) like Gecko'
    }
    r = requests.get(url, headers=headers)
    if type == 'text':
        return r.text

    return r.content

class DownLoadExecutionerPool():
    def __init__(self):
        super().__init__()
        # 圖片保存目錄
        self.save_dir = './img_pool/'
        # 圖片計數
        self.index = 0
        # 執行緒池
        self.ex = futures.ThreadPoolExecutor(max_workers=30)

    def put_task(self, urls):
        if isinstance(urls, list):
            for url in urls:
                self.ex.submit(self.save_img, url)
        else:
            self.ex.submit(self.save_img, urls)

    def save_img(self, url):
        content = file_download(url)

        # 截取圖片名稱
        index = url.rfind('/')
        file_name = url[index+1:]
        save_name = self.save_dir + file_name
        with open(save_name, 'wb+') as f:
            f.write(content)
            self.index += 1
            print(save_name + "下載成功!  當前已下載圖片總數：" + str(self.index))

作者：Recalcitrant
鏈接：https://www.jianshu.com/p/140012f88f8e

在線練習：https://www.520mg.com/it
IT 入門感謝關注

轉載請註明出處，本文鏈接：https://www.uj5u.com/qukuanlian/169177.html

標籤：區塊鏈

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16-python爬蟲之Requests庫爬取海量圖片

一、Requests基礎

1.安裝Requests庫

2.使用Requests庫

二、發送請求與接收回應（基本GET請求）

1.傳送 parmas引數

2.模擬發送請求頭（傳送headers引數）

三、發送請求與接收回應（基本POST請求）

四、response屬性

五、代理

六、cookie和session

1.cookie

（1）獲取cookie資訊

2.session

（1）構造session回話物件

七、案例

案例1：百度貼吧頁面爬取（GET請求）

案例2：金山詞霸翻譯（POST請求）

案例3：百度貼吧圖片爬取

（1）普通版

（2）多執行緒版

（3）執行緒池版

一、Requests基礎

1.安裝Requests庫

2.使用Requests庫

二、發送請求與接收回應（基本GET請求）

1.傳送 parmas引數

2.模擬發送請求頭（傳送headers引數）

三、發送請求與接收回應（基本POST請求）

四、response屬性

五、代理

六、cookie和session

1.cookie

（1）獲取cookie資訊

2.session

（1）構造session回話物件

七、案例

案例1：百度貼吧頁面爬取（GET請求）

案例2：金山詞霸翻譯（POST請求）

案例3：百度貼吧圖片爬取

（1）普通版

（2）多執行緒版

（3）執行緒池版