// 作業者是負責將訊息應用到新狀態的主要物件
type worker struct {
config *Config
chainConfig *params.ChainConfig
engine consensus.Engine
eth Backend
chain *core.BlockChain
// Feeds
pendingLogsFeed event.Feed
// Subscriptions
mux *event.TypeMux
txsCh chan core.NewTxsEvent // 用來接受txPool里面的交易的通道
txsSub event.Subscription // 用來接受txPool里面的交易的訂閱器
chainHeadCh chan core.ChainHeadEvent // 用來接受區塊頭的通道
chainHeadSub event.Subscription
chainSideCh chan core.ChainSideEvent
chainSideSub event.Subscription
// Channels
newWorkCh chan *newWorkReq
taskCh chan *task
resultCh chan *types.Block
startCh chan struct{}
exitCh chan struct{}
resubmitIntervalCh chan time.Duration
resubmitAdjustCh chan *intervalAdjust
current *environment // An environment for current running cycle.
localUncles map[common.Hash]*types.Block // A set of side blocks generated locally as the possible uncle blocks.
remoteUncles map[common.Hash]*types.Block // A set of side blocks as the possible uncle blocks.
unconfirmed *unconfirmedBlocks // A set of locally mined blocks pending canonicalness confirmations.
mu sync.RWMutex // The lock used to protect the coinbase and extra fields
coinbase common.Address
extra []byte
pendingMu sync.RWMutex
pendingTasks map[common.Hash]*task
snapshotMu sync.RWMutex // The lock used to protect the block snapshot and state snapshot
snapshotBlock *types.Block // 快照 Block
snapshotState *state.StateDB // 快照 StateDB
// atomic status counters
running int32 // The indicator whether the consensus engine is running or not.
newTxs int32 // New arrival transaction count since last sealing work submitting.
// noempty is the flag used to control whether the feature of pre-seal empty
// block is enabled. The default value is false(pre-seal is enabled by default).
// But in some special scenario the consensus engine will seal blocks instantaneously,
// in this case this feature will add all empty blocks into canonical chain
// non-stop and no real transaction will be included.
noempty uint32
// External functions
isLocalBlock func(block *types.Block) bool // Function used to determine whether the specified block is mined by local miner.
// Test hooks
newTaskHook func(*task) // Method to call upon receiving a new sealing task.
skipSealHook func(*task) bool // Method to decide whether skipping the sealing.
fullTaskHook func() // Method to call before pushing the full sealing task.
resubmitHook func(time.Duration, time.Duration) // Method to call upon updating resubmitting interval.
}
func newWorker(config *Config, chainConfig *params.ChainConfig, engine consensus.Engine, eth Backend, mux *event.TypeMux, isLocalBlock func(*types.Block) bool, init bool) *worker {
worker := &worker{
config: config,
chainConfig: chainConfig,
engine: engine,
eth: eth,
mux: mux,
chain: eth.BlockChain(),
isLocalBlock: isLocalBlock,
localUncles: make(map[common.Hash]*types.Block),
remoteUncles: make(map[common.Hash]*types.Block),
unconfirmed: newUnconfirmedBlocks(eth.BlockChain(), miningLogAtDepth),
pendingTasks: make(map[common.Hash]*task),
txsCh: make(chan core.NewTxsEvent, txChanSize),
chainHeadCh: make(chan core.ChainHeadEvent, chainHeadChanSize),
chainSideCh: make(chan core.ChainSideEvent, chainSideChanSize),
newWorkCh: make(chan *newWorkReq),
taskCh: make(chan *task),
resultCh: make(chan *types.Block, resultQueueSize),
exitCh: make(chan struct{}),
startCh: make(chan struct{}, 1),
resubmitIntervalCh: make(chan time.Duration),
resubmitAdjustCh: make(chan *intervalAdjust, resubmitAdjustChanSize),
}
// Subscribe NewTxsEvent for tx pool
worker.txsSub = eth.TxPool().SubscribeNewTxsEvent(worker.txsCh)
// Subscribe events for blockchain
worker.chainHeadSub = eth.BlockChain().SubscribeChainHeadEvent(worker.chainHeadCh)
worker.chainSideSub = eth.BlockChain().SubscribeChainSideEvent(worker.chainSideCh)
// Sanitize recommit interval if the user-specified one is too short.
recommit := worker.config.Recommit
if recommit < minRecommitInterval {
log.Warn("Sanitizing miner recommit interval", "provided", recommit, "updated", minRecommitInterval)
recommit = minRecommitInterval
}
go worker.mainLoop()
go worker.newWorkLoop(recommit)
go worker.resultLoop()
go worker.taskLoop()
// Submit first work to initialize pending state.
if init {
worker.startCh <- struct{}{}
}
return worker
}
// newWorkLoop 是一個獨立goroutine，用于在接收到的事件上提交新的挖掘作業，
func (w *worker) newWorkLoop(recommit time.Duration) {
var (
interrupt *int32
minRecommit = recommit // minimal resubmit interval specified by user.
timestamp int64 // timestamp for each round of mining.
)
timer := time.NewTimer(0)
defer timer.Stop()
<-timer.C // discard the initial tick
// commit使用給定信號中止正在執行的事務，并重新提交一個新的事務，
commit := func(noempty bool, s int32) {
if interrupt != nil {
atomic.StoreInt32(interrupt, s)
}
interrupt = new(int32)
w.newWorkCh <- &newWorkReq{interrupt: interrupt, noempty: noempty, timestamp: timestamp}
timer.Reset(recommit)
atomic.StoreInt32(&w.newTxs, 0)
}
//清除掛起的陳舊任務，
clearPending := func(number uint64) {
w.pendingMu.Lock()
for h, t := range w.pendingTasks {
if t.block.NumberU64()+staleThreshold <= number {
delete(w.pendingTasks, h)
}
}
w.pendingMu.Unlock()
}
for {
select {
//提交一個新的任務
case <-w.startCh:
clearPending(w.chain.CurrentBlock().NumberU64())
timestamp = time.Now().Unix()
commit(false, commitInterruptNewHead)
case head := <-w.chainHeadCh:
clearPending(head.Block.NumberU64())
timestamp = time.Now().Unix()
commit(false, commitInterruptNewHead)
case <-timer.C:
// If mining is running resubmit a new work cycle periodically to pull in
// higher priced transactions. Disable this overhead for pending blocks.
if w.isRunning() && (w.chainConfig.Clique == nil || w.chainConfig.Clique.Period > 0) {
// Short circuit if no new transaction arrives.
if atomic.LoadInt32(&w.newTxs) == 0 {
timer.Reset(recommit)
continue
}
commit(true, commitInterruptResubmit)
}
case interval := <-w.resubmitIntervalCh:
//由用戶顯式調整重新提交的時間間隔，
if interval < minRecommitInterval {
log.Warn("Sanitizing miner recommit interval", "provided", interval, "updated", minRecommitInterval)
interval = minRecommitInterval
}
log.Info("Miner recommit interval update", "from", minRecommit, "to", interval)
minRecommit, recommit = interval, interval
if w.resubmitHook != nil {
w.resubmitHook(minRecommit, recommit)
}
case adjust := <-w.resubmitAdjustCh:
//通過反饋調整重新提交的時間間隔，
if adjust.inc {
before := recommit
target := float64(recommit.Nanoseconds()) / adjust.ratio
recommit = recalcRecommit(minRecommit, recommit, target, true)
log.Trace("Increase miner recommit interval", "from", before, "to", recommit)
} else {
before := recommit
recommit = recalcRecommit(minRecommit, recommit, float64(minRecommit.Nanoseconds()), false)
log.Trace("Decrease miner recommit interval", "from", before, "to", recommit)
}
if w.resubmitHook != nil {
w.resubmitHook(minRecommit, recommit)
}
case <-w.exitCh:
return
}
}
}
// mainLoop是一個獨立的goroutine，根據接收到的事件重新生成密封任務，
func (w *worker) mainLoop() {
defer w.txsSub.Unsubscribe()
defer w.chainHeadSub.Unsubscribe()
defer w.chainSideSub.Unsubscribe()
for {
select {
//從newWorkLoop接受一個新任務
case req := <-w.newWorkCh:
//提交新的任務
w.commitNewWork(req.interrupt, req.noempty, req.timestamp)
case ev := <-w.chainSideCh:
// Short circuit for duplicate side blocks
if _, exist := w.localUncles[ev.Block.Hash()]; exist {
continue
}
if _, exist := w.remoteUncles[ev.Block.Hash()]; exist {
continue
}
// Add side block to possible uncle block set depending on the author.
if w.isLocalBlock != nil && w.isLocalBlock(ev.Block) {
w.localUncles[ev.Block.Hash()] = ev.Block
} else {
w.remoteUncles[ev.Block.Hash()] = ev.Block
}
// If our mining block contains less than 2 uncle blocks,
// add the new uncle block if valid and regenerate a mining block.
if w.isRunning() && w.current != nil && w.current.uncles.Cardinality() < 2 {
start := time.Now()
if err := w.commitUncle(w.current, ev.Block.Header()); err == nil {
var uncles []*types.Header
w.current.uncles.Each(func(item interface{}) bool {
hash, ok := item.(common.Hash)
if !ok {
return false
}
uncle, exist := w.localUncles[hash]
if !exist {
uncle, exist = w.remoteUncles[hash]
}
if !exist {
return false
}
uncles = append(uncles, uncle.Header())
return false
})
w.commit(uncles, nil, true, start)
}
}
case ev := <-w.txsCh:
//如果不進行挖掘，則將事務應用到掛起狀態，
//注:所有收到的交易可能不是連續的已經包含在當前挖掘塊中，這些交易將自動消除，
if !w.isRunning() && w.current != nil {
// If block is already full, abort
if gp := w.current.gasPool; gp != nil && gp.Gas() < params.TxGas {
continue
}
w.mu.RLock()
coinbase := w.coinbase
w.mu.RUnlock()
txs := make(map[common.Address]types.Transactions)
for _, tx := range ev.Txs {
acc, _ := types.Sender(w.current.signer, tx)
txs[acc] = append(txs[acc], tx)
}
txset := types.NewTransactionsByPriceAndNonce(w.current.signer, txs)
tcount := w.current.tcount
w.commitTransactions(txset, coinbase, nil)
// Only update the snapshot if any new transactons were added
// to the pending block
if tcount != w.current.tcount {
w.updateSnapshot()
}
} else {
//如果不進行挖掘，則將事務應用到掛起狀態，特殊情況，如果共識引擎為0周期派系(dev模式)，
//在這里提交挖礦，因為所有的空提交將被拒絕,預先密封(空提交)是禁用的，
if w.chainConfig.Clique != nil && w.chainConfig.Clique.Period == 0 {
w.commitNewWork(nil, true, time.Now().Unix())
}
}
atomic.AddInt32(&w.newTxs, int32(len(ev.Txs)))
......
}
}
}
如果不進行挖掘，則將事務應用到掛起狀態，taskLoop是一個獨立的goroutine，用于從生成器獲取密封任務并將其推送到共識引擎，
// taskLoop is a standalone goroutine to fetch sealing task from the generator and
// push them to consensus engine.
func (w *worker) taskLoop() {
var (
stopCh chan struct{}
prev common.Hash
)
// interrupt aborts the in-flight sealing task.
interrupt := func() {
if stopCh != nil {
close(stopCh)
stopCh = nil
}
}
for {
select {
case task := <-w.taskCh:
if w.newTaskHook != nil {
w.newTaskHook(task)
}
//因重新提交而拒絕重復密封作業，
sealHash := w.engine.SealHash(task.block.Header())
if sealHash == prev {
continue
}
// Interrupt previous sealing operation
interrupt()
stopCh, prev = make(chan struct{}), sealHash
if w.skipSealHook != nil && w.skipSealHook(task) {
continue
}
w.pendingMu.Lock()
w.pendingTasks[sealHash] = task
w.pendingMu.Unlock()
if err := w.engine.Seal(w.chain, task.block, w.resultCh, stopCh); err != nil {
log.Warn("Block sealing failed", "err", err)
}
case <-w.exitCh:
interrupt()
return
}
}
}
resultLoop是一個獨立的goroutine處理密封結果提交并將相關資料重繪到資料庫，
func (w *worker) resultLoop() {
for {
select {
case block := <-w.resultCh:
// Short circuit when receiving empty result.
if block == nil {
continue
}
// Short circuit when receiving duplicate result caused by resubmitting.
if w.chain.HasBlock(block.Hash(), block.NumberU64()) {
continue
}
var (
sealhash = w.engine.SealHash(block.Header())
hash = block.Hash()
)
w.pendingMu.RLock()
task, exist := w.pendingTasks[sealhash]
w.pendingMu.RUnlock()
if !exist {
log.Error("Block found but no relative pending task", "number", block.Number(), "sealhash", sealhash, "hash", hash)
continue
}
// Different block could share same sealhash, deep copy here to prevent write-write conflict.
var (
receipts = make([]*types.Receipt, len(task.receipts))
logs []*types.Log
)
for i, receipt := range task.receipts {
// add block location fields
receipt.BlockHash = hash
receipt.BlockNumber = block.Number()
receipt.TransactionIndex = uint(i)
receipts[i] = new(types.Receipt)
*receipts[i] = *receipt
// Update the block hash in all logs since it is now available and not when the
// receipt/log of individual transactions were created.
for _, log := range receipt.Logs {
log.BlockHash = hash
}
logs = append(logs, receipt.Logs...)
}
// Commit block and state to database.
_, err := w.chain.WriteBlockWithState(block, receipts, logs, task.state, true)
if err != nil {
log.Error("Failed writing block to chain", "err", err)
continue
}
log.Info("Successfully sealed new block", "number", block.Number(), "sealhash", sealhash, "hash", hash,
"elapsed", common.PrettyDuration(time.Since(task.createdAt)))
// 廣播塊并宣布鏈插入事件
w.mux.Post(core.NewMinedBlockEvent{Block: block})
// 將該塊插入到resultLoop中等待的塊中以進行確認
w.unconfirmed.Insert(block.NumberU64(), block.Hash())
case <-w.exitCh:
return
}
}
}
為當前周期創建一個新環境，
func (w *worker) makeCurrent(parent *types.Block, header *types.Header) error {
state, err := w.chain.StateAt(parent.Root())
if err != nil {
return err
}
env := &environment{
signer: types.NewEIP155Signer(w.chainConfig.ChainID),
state: state,
ancestors: mapset.NewSet(),
family: mapset.NewSet(),
uncles: mapset.NewSet(),
header: header,
}
// when 08 is processed ancestors contain 07 (quick block)
for _, ancestor := range w.chain.GetBlocksFromHash(parent.Hash(), 7) {
for _, uncle := range ancestor.Uncles() {
env.family.Add(uncle.Hash())
}
env.family.Add(ancestor.Hash())
env.ancestors.Add(ancestor.Hash())
}
// Keep track of transactions which return errors so they can be removed
env.tcount = 0
w.current = env
return nil
}
更新掛起的快照塊和狀態，注意:此函式假設當前變數是執行緒安全的，
func (w *worker) updateSnapshot() {
w.snapshotMu.Lock()
defer w.snapshotMu.Unlock()
var uncles []*types.Header
w.current.uncles.Each(func(item interface{}) bool {
hash, ok := item.(common.Hash)
if !ok {
return false
}
uncle, exist := w.localUncles[hash]
if !exist {
uncle, exist = w.remoteUncles[hash]
}
if !exist {
return false
}
uncles = append(uncles, uncle.Header())
return false
})
w.snapshotBlock = types.NewBlock(
w.current.header,
w.current.txs,
uncles,
w.current.receipts,
new(trie.Trie),
)
w.snapshotState = w.current.state.Copy()
}
func (w *worker) commitTransactions(txs *types.TransactionsByPriceAndNonce, coinbase common.Address, interrupt *int32) bool {
// Short circuit if current is nil
if w.current == nil {
return true
}
if w.current.gasPool == nil {
w.current.gasPool = new(core.GasPool).AddGas(w.current.header.GasLimit)
}
var coalescedLogs []*types.Log
for {
//在以下三種情況下，我們將中斷事務的執行，
//(1)新頭塊事件到達時，中斷信號為1
//(2)worker啟動或重啟時，中斷信號為1
// (3) worker用任何新到達的事務重新創建挖掘塊，中斷信號為2，
//對于前兩種情況，半成品將被丟棄，
//對于第三種情況，半成品作業將提交給consensus engine，
if interrupt != nil && atomic.LoadInt32(interrupt) != commitInterruptNone {
// Notify resubmit loop to increase resubmitting interval due to too frequent commits.
if atomic.LoadInt32(interrupt) == commitInterruptResubmit {
ratio := float64(w.current.header.GasLimit-w.current.gasPool.Gas()) / float64(w.current.header.GasLimit)
if ratio < 0.1 {
ratio = 0.1
}
w.resubmitAdjustCh <- &intervalAdjust{
ratio: ratio,
inc: true,
}
}
return atomic.LoadInt32(interrupt) == commitInterruptNewHead
}
// If we don't have enough gas for any further transactions then we're done
if w.current.gasPool.Gas() < params.TxGas {
log.Trace("Not enough gas for further transactions", "have", w.current.gasPool, "want", params.TxGas)
break
}
// Retrieve the next transaction and abort if all done
tx := txs.Peek()
if tx == nil {
break
}
// Error may be ignored here. The error has already been checked
// during transaction acceptance is the transaction pool.
//
// We use the eip155 signer regardless of the current hf.
from, _ := types.Sender(w.current.signer, tx)
// Check whether the tx is replay protected. If we're not in the EIP155 hf
// phase, start ignoring the sender until we do.
if tx.Protected() && !w.chainConfig.IsEIP155(w.current.header.Number) {
log.Trace("Ignoring reply protected transaction", "hash", tx.Hash(), "eip155", w.chainConfig.EIP155Block)
txs.Pop()
continue
}
// Start executing the transaction
w.current.state.Prepare(tx.Hash(), common.Hash{}, w.current.tcount)
logs, err := w.commitTransaction(tx, coinbase)
......
if !w.isRunning() && len(coalescedLogs) > 0 {
// We don't push the pendingLogsEvent while we are mining. The reason is that
// when we are mining, the worker will regenerate a mining block every 3 seconds.
// In order to avoid pushing the repeated pendingLog, we disable the pending log pushing.
// make a copy, the state caches the logs and these logs get "upgraded" from pending to mined
// logs by filling in the block hash when the block was mined by the local miner. This can
// cause a race condition if a log was "upgraded" before the PendingLogsEvent is processed.
cpy := make([]*types.Log, len(coalescedLogs))
for i, l := range coalescedLogs {
cpy[i] = new(types.Log)
*cpy[i] = *l
}
w.pendingLogsFeed.Send(cpy)
}
//如果當前間隔較大，通知重新提交回圈以減少重新提交的時間間隔而不是用戶指定的，
if interrupt != nil {
w.resubmitAdjustCh <- &intervalAdjust{inc: false}
}
return false
}
func (w *worker) commitTransaction(tx *types.Transaction, coinbase common.Address) ([]*types.Log, error) {
snap := w.current.state.Snapshot()
//嘗試將一個事務應用到給定的狀態資料庫并為其環境使用輸入引數，它會回傳收據對于事務，使用了gas，如果事務失敗則出現錯誤，表示該塊無效，
receipt, err := core.ApplyTransaction(w.chainConfig, w.chain, &coinbase, w.current.gasPool, w.current.state, w.current.header, tx, &w.current.header.GasUsed, *w.chain.GetVMConfig())
if err != nil {
w.current.state.RevertToSnapshot(snap)
return nil, err
}
w.current.txs = append(w.current.txs, tx)
w.current.receipts = append(w.current.receipts, receipt)
return receipt.Logs, nil
}
基于父塊生成幾個新的密封任務，
func (w *worker) commitNewWork(interrupt *int32, noempty bool, timestamp int64) {
w.mu.RLock()
defer w.mu.RUnlock()
tstart := time.Now()
parent := w.chain.CurrentBlock()
if parent.Time() >= uint64(timestamp) {
timestamp = int64(parent.Time() + 1)
}
// this will ensure we're not going off too far in the future
if now := time.Now().Unix(); timestamp > now+1 {
wait := time.Duration(timestamp-now) * time.Second
log.Info("Mining too far in the future", "wait", common.PrettyDuration(wait))
time.Sleep(wait)
}
num := parent.Number()
header := &types.Header{
ParentHash: parent.Hash(),
Number: num.Add(num, common.Big1),
GasLimit: core.CalcGasLimit(parent, w.config.GasFloor, w.config.GasCeil),
Extra: w.extra,
Time: uint64(timestamp),
}
// 只有在我們的共識引擎運行時才設定coinbase(避免虛假的塊獎勵)
if w.isRunning() {
if w.coinbase == (common.Address{}) {
log.Error("Refusing to mine without etherbase")
return
}
header.Coinbase = w.coinbase
}
if err := w.engine.Prepare(w.chain, header); err != nil {
log.Error("Failed to prepare header for mining", "err", err)
return
}
// 如果硬分叉，請檢查是否覆寫額外資料
if daoBlock := w.chainConfig.DAOForkBlock; daoBlock != nil {
// Check whether the block is among the fork extra-override range
limit := new(big.Int).Add(daoBlock, params.DAOForkExtraRange)
if header.Number.Cmp(daoBlock) >= 0 && header.Number.Cmp(limit) < 0 {
// Depending whether we support or oppose the fork, override differently
if w.chainConfig.DAOForkSupport {
header.Extra = common.CopyBytes(params.DAOForkBlockExtra)
} else if bytes.Equal(header.Extra, params.DAOForkBlockExtra) {
header.Extra = []byte{} // If miner opposes, don't let it use the reserved extra-data
}
}
}
// Could potentially happen if starting to mine in an odd state.
err := w.makeCurrent(parent, header)
if err != nil {
log.Error("Failed to create mining context", "err", err)
return
}
// Create the current work task and check any fork transitions needed
env := w.current
if w.chainConfig.DAOForkSupport && w.chainConfig.DAOForkBlock != nil && w.chainConfig.DAOForkBlock.Cmp(header.Number) == 0 {
misc.ApplyDAOHardFork(env.state)
}
// Accumulate the uncles for the current block
uncles := make([]*types.Header, 0, 2)
commitUncles := func(blocks map[common.Hash]*types.Block) {
// Clean up stale uncle blocks first
for hash, uncle := range blocks {
if uncle.NumberU64()+staleThreshold <= header.Number.Uint64() {
delete(blocks, hash)
}
}
for hash, uncle := range blocks {
if len(uncles) == 2 {
break
}
if err := w.commitUncle(env, uncle.Header()); err != nil {
log.Trace("Possible uncle rejected", "hash", hash, "reason", err)
} else {
log.Debug("Committing new uncle to block", "hash", hash)
uncles = append(uncles, uncle.Header())
}
}
}
// Prefer to locally generated uncle
commitUncles(w.localUncles)
commitUncles(w.remoteUncles)
//根據臨時復制的狀態創建一個空塊提前封口，無需等待封口執行完成，
if !noempty && atomic.LoadUint32(&w.noempty) == 0 {
w.commit(uncles, nil, false, tstart)
}
// Fill the block with all available pending transactions.
pending, err := w.eth.TxPool().Pending()
if err != nil {
log.Error("Failed to fetch pending transactions", "err", err)
return
}
// Short circuit if there is no available pending transactions.
// But if we disable empty precommit already, ignore it. Since
// empty block is necessary to keep the liveness of the network.
if len(pending) == 0 && atomic.LoadUint32(&w.noempty) == 0 {
w.updateSnapshot()
return
}
// Split the pending transactions into locals and remotes
localTxs, remoteTxs := make(map[common.Address]types.Transactions), pending
for _, account := range w.eth.TxPool().Locals() {
if txs := remoteTxs[account]; len(txs) > 0 {
delete(remoteTxs, account)
localTxs[account] = txs
}
}
if len(localTxs) > 0 {
txs := types.NewTransactionsByPriceAndNonce(w.current.signer, localTxs)
if w.commitTransactions(txs, w.coinbase, interrupt) {
return
}
}
if len(remoteTxs) > 0 {
txs := types.NewTransactionsByPriceAndNonce(w.current.signer, remoteTxs)
if w.commitTransactions(txs, w.coinbase, interrupt) {
return
}
}
w.commit(uncles, w.fullTaskHook, true, tstart)
}
計算ETH的總消費費用，區塊交易和收據必須有相同的順序，
func totalFees(block *types.Block, receipts []*types.Receipt) *big.Float {
feesWei := new(big.Int)
for i, tx := range block.Transactions() {
feesWei.Add(feesWei, new(big.Int).Mul(new(big.Int).SetUint64(receipts[i].GasUsed), tx.GasPrice()))
}
return new(big.Float).Quo(new(big.Float).SetInt(feesWei), new(big.Float).SetInt(big.NewInt(params.Ether)))
}
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標籤：區塊鏈
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