以太坊物聯網區塊鏈（一）

Web3js 與 java 連接區塊鏈可以參考我github上的兩個小demo
Ethereum-java
Ethereum-javascript

搭建私有鏈, 利用以太坊平臺完成資料上鏈

如何搭建？

用Geth搭建一個區塊鏈節點，本地主機就和區塊鏈網路中主機一致了，（可以連接main鏈，和其它測驗鏈，還有自定義鏈），注：可以通過賦予chainid和networkid不同的值讓本機成為連接在main鏈chainid（1），測驗鏈chanid（2-4）或者自定義鏈chainid（其它，暫設定為666）
chainid 與 networkid 具體用途，建議設定成一樣，后面省心

安裝geth

一臺新機器 Ubuntu 20.04LTS (虛擬機)
#新機器需要做以下兩步
#更換清華的源，參考網上
#安裝vim，參考網上
#執行下列命令
sudo apt-get update
sudo apt-get install software-properties-common
sudo add-apt-repository -y ppa:ethereum/ethereum
sudo add-apt-repository -y ppa:ethereum/ethereum-dev
sudo apt-get update
sudo apt-get install ethereum

創世塊檔案

#在桌面創建 mkdir privateblock && cd privateblock
#創建創世塊檔案genesis.json，并將下列內容放入genesis.json檔案中
{
 "config": {
   "chainId": 666,
   "homesteadBlock": 0,
   "eip150Block": 0,
   "eip150Hash": "0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000",
   "eip155Block": 0,
   "eip158Block": 0,
   "byzantiumBlock": 0,
   "constantinopleBlock": 0,
   "petersburgBlock": 0,
   "istanbulBlock": 0,
   "ethash": {}
 },
 "nonce": "0x0",
 "timestamp": "0x5ddf8f3e",
 "extraData": "0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000",
 "gasLimit": "0x47b760",
 "difficulty": "0x00002",
 "mixHash": "0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000",
 "coinbase": "0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000",
 "alloc": {
   "bc9a3ece02d7cb31cf63dfdfc48db0b82770d014": {
     "balance": "8000000000000000000000000000000"
   }
},
 "number": "0x0",
 "gasUsed": "0x0",
 "parentHash": "0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000"
}

#打開geth之前一定要進入privateblock目錄，初始化創世塊檔案，每臺主機只需要初始化一次
geth --datadir data init genesis.json

打開Geth客戶端

Geth版本：
Welcome to the Geth JavaScript console!
instance: Geth/v1.10.8-stable-26675454/linux-amd64/go1.16.4
#下面是我撰寫的開啟geth腳本
root@blockchain1:/home/chenhui/privateblock# cat frist_start_2.sh 
#!/bin/bash
nohup geth --datadir data --networkid 666 --http --http.corsdomain="*" --http.port 8545 --http.addr "0.0.0.0" --http.api db,web3,eth,debug,personal,net,miner,admin --allow-insecure-unlock --rpc.allow-unprotected-txs  --port 30303  --dev --dev.period 1  2>./console.log &

Geth操作命令

#創建賬戶 123為賬戶密碼
personal.newAccount("12345678")
#查看第一個賬戶
eth.accounts[0]
#查看用戶
eth.accounts
#查看礦工賬戶，若節點中有多個賬戶，默認第一個賬戶為礦工賬戶
eth.coinbase
#查看區塊數量
eth.blockNumber
#通過區塊號，查看區塊資訊
eth.getBlock(i)
#給賬戶地址取別名
user1=eth.accounts[0]
#通過別名獲取金額
eth.getBalance(user1)
#轉賬之前需要解鎖密碼，直接回車，默認賬號鎖定密碼為空，回傳true成功
personal.unlockAccount(user1)
#賬戶之間轉賬,提交交易，但是還未經區塊鏈網路確認
//可以在geth運行期間一直解鎖賬戶
personal.unlockAccount(eth.accounts[0],"123",0)
"enode://238dec8d985d6959f8b99e94e8d343be4a3d0f6737972531b226ea154212d3cf315b536bd3f4463d29096a6c3853ab783f2e78faeb6a787259e888d782dec88c@115.29.67.40:30303"
eth.sendTransaction({from:user1,to:user2,value:web3.toWei(3,"ether")})

挖礦命令

#若本機挖礦成功，礦工地址就會有就會有一筆收益，可以通過eth.coinbase查看
eth.coinbase
#設定礦工地址
miner.setEtherbase(eth.coinbase)
#設定礦工
miner.setEtherbase(user3)
#挖礦,開啟1個執行緒挖礦
miner.start(1)
#查看是否在挖礦
eth.mining
#結束挖礦
miner.stop()

# 挖出新區塊后，立馬停止
miner.start(1);admin.sleepBlocks(1);miner.stop();

查看交易指令

#查看本地交易池，待提交的交易
txpool.status
eth.getBlock("pending", true).transactions
#查看用戶的以太幣個數，用以太幣表示，而不是Wei
web3.fromWei(eth.getBalance(eth.accounts[1]),'ether')
#通過交易鏈接，查看交易
eth.getTransaction("0x9f5e61f3d686f793e2df6378d1633d7a9d1df8ec8c597441e1355112d102a6ce")

將區塊鏈資料同步到其它 peer 節點

當 peer 連接好了的時候，就自動完成同步了
#查看其它節點資訊
admin.peers
#查看node資訊
admin.nodeInfo
admin.nodeInfo.enode
區塊鏈中，節點是p2p模式網路
#通過admin.addPeer()添加peer節點，添加節點1
admin.addPeer("enode://917e60c31d4cac6eb1af97fd971c96f172f386d5de04fadaf01b0e1ff38c49877e4a1fcd3275659e6fd19c9fb09fc5a93a50597ff9b87d261ca216706106923b@192.168.188.133:30303")
#查看是否有其它的peer
net.peerCount
#單位換算
web3.fromWei（100000000，'ether'）
#跨節點轉賬： 如果報錯可能安裝web3的版本太高
eth.sendTransaction({from:address1,to:address2,value:web3.toWei(3,"ether")})

如何驗證區塊鏈節點，同步了？

可以將BlockChain2和BlockChain3，分別在Geth的控制臺下，使用admin.addpeer()連接到Cluster節點（第一個節點），可以開啟一個節點的挖礦程式，在別的系統中，查看區塊，發現，另一臺主機也在進行同步，
如何通過產生的交易地址，來查看交易內容？

開發框架Truffle

開發框架Truffle介紹

truffle 是一個部署合約的框架，提高效率

安裝方式

1 添加 node 源
$ curl -sL https://deb.nodesource.com/setup_14.x | sudo -E bash -

2 安裝 nodejs
$ sudo apt-get install -y nodejs

3 安裝區塊鏈測驗環境
$ npm install -g ganache-cli
$ ganache-cli --version
Ganache CLI v6.12.2 (ganache-core: 2.13.2)
$ npm install -g ethereumjs-testrpc

4 安裝truffle
$ sudo npm install -g truffle
5 終端創建一個目錄
mkdir test
cd test
6 下載初始專案
truffle init
7 在contract 目錄下撰寫智能合約Say.sol
pragma solidity ^0.5.0;
contract Say {
    string private content;
    function set(string memory  _msg) public {
        content=_msg;
    }
    function say()  public view returns(string memory ){
        return content;;
    }
}
~   
8 增加合約部署檔案
#在目錄migrations下新建2_deploy_contracts.js（1開頭的檔案不能洗掉，否則就會報錯）
var Say = artifacts.require("./Say.sol");
module.exports = function(deployer) {
  deployer.deploy(Say);
};
9 編譯合約 執行命令（應該在truffle目錄下）
truffle compile   
//此時執行編譯時，
? Fetching solc version list from solc-bin. Attempt #3
卡在這卡了很久？
解決辦法：見bug

10 修改目錄下的檔案truffle-config.js 如下(host和port要根據自己的配置來定)部署合約到區塊鏈上
module.exports = {
  networks:{
    development:{
      host:"localhost",
      port:8545,
      network_id:"20210821",
      gas:3000000
    }
  }
};

11 部署前先解鎖賬號，并啟動挖礦
>personal.unlockAccount(user1)
>miner.start()  

12 然后執行部署，應該是在truffle目錄下
truffle migrate 
此處報錯，解決見bug5

truffle 開發 ,使用開發模式的前提是，之前一定要安裝第三步，區塊鏈測驗環境

$ truffle Develop 
started at http://127.0.0.1:9545/
Accounts:
(0) 0x55cc26a61e5ed0946aee50e7895f1064ccd01da4
(1) 0x17f53146ab4ecb78fa9c9c3795ee84e77b46a7a9
(2) 0x37110b76c6951c94ced4b4d46ef99013b60652cf
(3) 0xc7910dc26d37ff4cc3b855527c4074ddb36f8942
(4) 0x70aac68de9e77ec836f431e048d287a8f9330a55

...

??  Important ??  : This mnemonic was created for you by Truffle. It is not secure.
Ensure you do not use it on production blockchains, or else you risk losing funds.

$ truffle(develop)> compile

Compiling your contracts...
===========================
> Everything is up to date, there is nothing to compile.

truffle(develop)> truffle migrate

Compiling your contracts...
===========================
> Everything is up to date, there is nothing to compile.

Starting migrations...
======================
> Network name:    'develop'
> Network id:      5777
> Block gas limit: 6721975 (0x6691b7)

1_initial_migration.js
======================
   Deploying 'Migrations'
   ----------------------
   > transaction hash:    0xf6dbd0e3400fc70664a6b60fa922377ee2b5f3ac6bb630ae20d951d05791c442
   > Blocks: 0            Seconds: 0
   > contract address:    0xE612CF8f9DDCCfB89D5aED08E9cDeFFb3711ABc6
   > block number:        1
   > block timestamp:     1630758669
   > account:             0x55Cc26A61E5eD0946aEe50e7895f1064cCD01dA4
   > balance:             99.999616114
   > gas used:            191943 (0x2edc7)
   > gas price:           2 gwei
   > value sent:          0 ETH
   > total cost:          0.000383886 ETH

   > Saving migration to chain.
   > Saving artifacts
   -------------------------------------
   > Total cost:         0.000383886 ETH

2_deploy_contracts.js
=====================
   Deploying 'Say'
   ---------------
   > transaction hash:    0x35fed518448b51036dd245c5f180d6af7c3e7050e5c166bff94f9360479e3ce2
   > Blocks: 0            Seconds: 0
   > contract address:    0x02db26E5099Ae13ad8282A82A7bD818e3030bC27
   > block number:        3
   > block timestamp:     1630758669
   > account:             0x55Cc26A61E5eD0946aEe50e7895f1064cCD01dA4
   > balance:             99.99908693
   > gas used:            222254 (0x3642e)
   > gas price:           2 gwei
   > value sent:          0 ETH
   > total cost:          0.000444508 ETH

   > Saving migration to chain.
   > Saving artifacts
   -------------------------------------
   > Total cost:         0.000444508 ETH
Summary
=======
> Total deployments:   2
> Final cost:          0.000828394 ETH
- Blocks: 0            Seconds: 0
- Saving migration to chain.
- Blocks: 0            Seconds: 0
- Saving migration to chain.

安裝nodejs

//新建一個檔案夾，然后初始化
$ mkdir nodejs && cd nodejs
$ npm init -f  //此處的-f會自動給你配好組態檔
$ npm install web3@^0.20.0
//若想 安裝最新版web3 npm install web3
安裝報錯，見bug6

查看，node內嵌web3版本的方式
chenhui@ubuntu:~/privateblock/nodejs$ node
> web3.version.api
Thrown:
ReferenceError: web3 is not defined
> var Web3 = require('web3')
undefined
> var web3 = new Web3(new Web.providers.HttpProvider("http://localhost:8545"))
Thrown:
ReferenceError: Web is not defined
> var web3 = new Web3(new Web3.providers.HttpProvider("http://localhost:8545"))
undefined
> web3.version.api
'0.20.7'

nodejs 在命令列輸入引數
var arguments = process.argv.splice(2)
arguments[0] arguments[1]

Bug 筆記

1. Fatal: Error starting protocol stack: listen tcp :30303: bind: address already in use

ps ax | grep geth
kill -9 <pid>

2.personal.unlockAccount(user1,“12345678”)

解鎖失敗，報錯如下
GoError: Error: could not decrypt key with given password at web3.js:6357:37(47)
at native
at :1:30(4)

解決方案：可能是密碼出錯了，也可能是
嘗試新建一個用戶
eth.newAccount("123")
并將這個用戶立馬使用
personal.unlockAccount(eth.accounts[2])
輸入密碼：123

3.Error: etherbase must be explicitly specified

at web3.js:6357:37(47)
at get (web3.js:6257:66(14))

可能首次，沒有創建用戶

4.truffle compile編譯這部分，可能需要弄很久

http://www.manongjc.com/detail/19-sczhvzvgfkmlgse.html

解決方案：https://learnblockchain.cn/question/1568
將 compiler 用別的方式下載下來，放到下面的目錄~，
在這里插入圖片描述
修改truffle-config.js中的去掉version注釋

5.報錯如下

undefined:1
b0VIM 8.1
^
SyntaxError: Unexpected token b in JSON at position 0
at JSON.parse ()

chenhui@ubuntu:~/privateblock/truffle$ truffle migrate
Compiling your contracts...
===========================
> Everything is up to date, there is nothing to compile.
Starting migrations...
======================
> Network name:    'development'
> Network id:      20210821
> Block gas limit: 4787948 (0x490eec)
1_initial_migration.js
======================
undefined:1
b0VIM 8.1
^
SyntaxError: Unexpected token b in JSON at position 0
    at JSON.parse (<anonymous>)
    at FS.getContractName (/usr/lib/node_modules/truffle/build/webpack:/packages/resolver/dist/lib/sources/fs.js:44:1)
    at FS.require (/usr/lib/node_modules/truffle/build/webpack:/packages/resolver/dist/lib/sources/fs.js:25:1)
    at /usr/lib/node_modules/truffle/build/webpack:/packages/resolver/dist/lib/resolver.js:53:1
    at Array.forEach (<anonymous>)
    at Resolver.require (/usr/lib/node_modules/truffle/build/webpack:/packages/resolver/dist/lib/resolver.js:52:1)
    at Object.require (/usr/lib/node_modules/truffle/build/webpack:/packages/migrate/index.js:172:1)
    at ResolverIntercept.require (/usr/lib/node_modules/truffle/build/webpack:/packages/migrate/ResolverIntercept.js:22:1)
    at /home/chenhui/privateblock/truffle/migrations/1_initial_migration.js:1:30
    at Script.runInContext (vm.js:144:12)
    at Script.runInNewContext (vm.js:149:17)
    at Object.file (/usr/lib/node_modules/truffle/build/webpack:/packages/require/require.js:94:1)
    at Migration._load (/usr/lib/node_modules/truffle/build/webpack:/packages/migrate/Migration.js:44:1)
    at processTicksAndRejections (internal/process/task_queues.js:95:5)
    at Migration.run (/usr/lib/node_modules/truffle/build/webpack:/packages/migrate/Migration.js:217:1)
    at Object.runMigrations (/usr/lib/node_modules/truffle/build/webpack:/packages/migrate/index.js:150:1)
Truffle v5.4.9 (core: 5.4.9)
Node v14.17.6

解決：
1_initial_migration.js 這個檔案是重要檔案，不能洗掉，洗掉就會報上面的錯誤

6：chenhui@ubuntu:~/privateblock/nodejs$ npm install web3@0.20.0

npm ERR! code ENOENT
npm ERR! syscall spawn git
npm ERR! path git
npm ERR! errno ENOENT
npm ERR! enoent Error while executing:
npm ERR! enoent undefined ls-remote -h -t https://github.com/frozeman/bignumber.js-nolookahead.git
npm ERR! enoent
npm ERR! enoent
npm ERR! enoent spawn git ENOENT
npm ERR! enoent This is related to npm not being able to find a file.
npm ERR! enoent

npm ERR! A complete log of this run can be found in:
npm ERR! /home/chenhui/.npm/_logs/2021-09-05T08_29_15_774Z-debug.log

錯誤原因，沒有安裝git
解決辦法： 用管理員權限安裝git
sudo apt install git  
此錯誤好了，出現下列錯誤

chenhui@ubuntu:~/privateblock/nodejs$ npm install web3@0.20.0
npm ERR! code 128
npm ERR! Command failed: git clone --mirror -q https://github.com/frozeman/bignumber.js-nolookahead.git /home/chenhui/.npm/_cacache/tmp/git-clone-40a3a4f4/.git
npm ERR! warning: templates not found in /tmp/pacote-git-template-tmp/git-clone-921abd23
npm ERR! fatal: unable to access 'https://github.com/frozeman/bignumber.js-nolookahead.git/': GnuTLS recv error (-54): Error in the pull function.
npm ERR! 
npm ERR! A complete log of this run can be found in:
npm ERR!     /home/chenhui/.npm/_logs/2021-09-05T08_33_49_217Z-debug.log

錯誤原因:嘗試
git config --global url.“https://”.insteadOf git://
再進行安裝，沒有成功，再嘗試，報錯

npm ERR! Error while executing:
npm ERR! /usr/bin/git ls-remote -h -t https://github.com/frozeman/bignumber.js-nolookahead.git
npm ERR! 
npm ERR! fatal: unable to access 'https://github.com/frozeman/bignumber.js-nolookahead.git/': GnuTLS recv error (-54): Error in the pull function.
npm ERR! 
npm ERR! exited with error code: 128

npm ERR! A complete log of this run can be found in:
npm ERR!     /root/.npm/_logs/2021-09-06T07_09_43_403Z-debug.log
執行：
git config --global url.git://github.com/.insteadOf https://github.com/

解決辦法
執行：
git config --global url.git://github.com/.insteadOf https://github.com/
結果
在這里插入圖片描述

7.連接MetaMask報錯

報錯問題：無法獲取鏈 IC，您的 RPC URL 地址是正確的么？
原因是少了–http.port 8545 和 --http.addr “0.0.0.0”

下面是我開啟geth的命令

#!/bin/bash
nohup geth --datadir data --networkid 666 --http --http.corsdomain="*" --http.port 8545 --http.addr "0.0.0.0" --http.api db,web3,eth,debug,personal,net,miner,admin --allow-insecure-unlock --rpc.allow-unprotected-txs  --port 30303  --dev --dev.period 1  2>./console.log &

連接成功圖：
注意：鏈id 為genesis.json檔案中的chainid ，而不是運行geth時的 networkid
如果上述錯誤，請確認，通過上述開啟的 geth 的引數都沒有遺漏

8.remix 部署合約上不了鏈，或者轉賬無法資料無法上鏈

解決方式：
1.將鏈id 和網路id更換為相同的
2.把metamask卸載重新安裝
3 .增大 gas limit
在這里插入圖片描述

9.區塊鏈編程，想通過呼叫區塊鏈上的函式時，出現了跨域問題

test.html:1 
Access to XMLHttpRequest at 'http://10.69.177.223:8545/' from origin 'http://localhost:8080' has been blocked by CORS policy: Request header field content-type is not allowed by Access-Control-Allow-Headers in preflight response.
index.js:106 
POST http://10.69.177.223:8545/ net::ERR_FAILED
test.html:1 
Access to XMLHttpRequest at 'http://10.69.177.223:8545/' from origin 'http://localhost:8080' has been blocked by CORS policy: Request header field content-type is not allowed by Access-Control-Allow-Headers in preflight response.
index.js:106 
POST http://10.69.177.223:8545/ net::ERR_FAILED
errors.js:43 
Uncaught (in promise) Error: Invalid JSON RPC response: ""
    at Object.InvalidResponse (errors.js:43)
    at XMLHttpRequest.i.onreadystatechange (index.js:95)

錯誤原因，跨域的時候，之前只指定了http://remix.etherum.org，導致出現跨域問題，后面將-http.corsdomain="" 改為 “”成功解決
下面是我開啟geth的命令列指令

nohup geth --datadir data --networkid 666 --ipcdisable --rpc  --rpccorsdomain "*" --port 30303 --rpcport 8545  --rpcaddr "0.0.0.0" --http --http.corsdomain="*" --http.api db,web3,eth,debug,personal,net,miner,admin --vmdebug --rpcapi "db,eth,net,web3,admin,personal,miner" --allow-insecure-unlock 2>./console.log  &

10.當使用idea開發java時，使用

E:\Ethereum-java>mvn web3j:generate-sources
出現下列需要等待很久
Solidity version 0.4.25 is not installed. Downloading and installing it to ~/.web3j/solc/0.4.25
解決辦法：開啟科學上網工具，等待一下就會自己下載完畢

11 . java.lang.RuntimeException: java.lang.RuntimeException: Error processing transaction request: only replay-protected (EIP-155) transactions allowed over RPC

at org.web3j.tx.Contract.deploy(Contract.java:460)
at org.web3j.tx.Contract.deploy(Contract.java:506)
at org.web3j.tx.Contract.lambda$deployRemoteCall$5(Contract.java:549)
at org.web3j.protocol.core.RemoteCall.send(RemoteCall.java:42)
at com.nwpu.eth.sol.SaySample.deploy(SaySample.java:42)
at com.nwpu.eth.sol.SaySample.main(SaySample.java:30)

解決辦法在打geth時，-加入引數--rpc.allow-unprotected-txs

轉載請註明出處，本文鏈接：https://www.uj5u.com/qukuanlian/340504.html

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