作者:木木匠
https://my.oschina.net/luozhou/blog/3088908
我們知道 Spring Boot 給我們帶來了一個全新的開發體驗,讓我們可以直接把 Web 程式打包成 jar 包直接啟動,這得益于 Spring Boot 內置了容器,可以直接啟動,
本文將以 Tomcat 為例,來看看 Spring Boot 是如何啟動 Tomcat 的,同時也將展開學習下 Tomcat 的原始碼,了解 Tomcat 的設計,
從 Main 方法說起
用過 Spring Boot 的人都知道,首先要寫一個 main 方法來啟動:
@SpringBootApplication
public class TomcatdebugApplication {
public static void main(String\[\] args) {
SpringApplication.run(TomcatdebugApplication.class, args);
}
}
我們直接點擊run方法的原始碼,跟蹤下來,發現最終的run方法是呼叫
ConfigurableApplicationContext方法,原始碼如下:
public ConfigurableApplicationContext run(String... args) {
StopWatch stopWatch = new StopWatch();
stopWatch.start();
ConfigurableApplicationContext context = null;
Collection<springbootexceptionreporter> exceptionReporters = new ArrayList<>();
//設定系統屬性『java.awt.headless』,為true則啟用headless模式支持
configureHeadlessProperty();
//通過*SpringFactoriesLoader*檢索*META-INF/spring.factories*,
//找到宣告的所有SpringApplicationRunListener的實作類并將其實體化,
//之后逐個呼叫其started()方法,廣播SpringBoot要開始執行了
SpringApplicationRunListeners listeners = getRunListeners(args);
//發布應用開始啟動事件
listeners.starting();
try {
//初始化引數
ApplicationArguments applicationArguments = new DefaultApplicationArguments(args);
//創建并配置當前SpringBoot應用將要使用的Environment(包括配置要使用的PropertySource以及Profile),
//并遍歷呼叫所有的SpringApplicationRunListener的environmentPrepared()方法,廣播Environment準備完畢,
ConfigurableEnvironment environment = prepareEnvironment(listeners, applicationArguments);
configureIgnoreBeanInfo(environment);
//列印banner
Banner printedBanner = printBanner(environment);
//創建應用背景關系
context = createApplicationContext();
//通過*SpringFactoriesLoader*檢索*META-INF/spring.factories*,獲取并實體化例外分析器
exceptionReporters = getSpringFactoriesInstances(SpringBootExceptionReporter.class,
new Class[] { ConfigurableApplicationContext.class }, context);
//為ApplicationContext加載environment,之后逐個執行ApplicationContextInitializer的initialize()方法來進一步封裝ApplicationContext,
//并呼叫所有的SpringApplicationRunListener的contextPrepared()方法,【EventPublishingRunListener只提供了一個空的contextPrepared()方法】,
//之后初始化IoC容器,并呼叫SpringApplicationRunListener的contextLoaded()方法,廣播ApplicationContext的IoC加載完成,
//這里就包括通過**@EnableAutoConfiguration**匯入的各種自動配置類,
prepareContext(context, environment, listeners, applicationArguments, printedBanner);
//重繪背景關系
refreshContext(context);
//再一次重繪背景關系,其實是空方法,可能是為了后續擴展,
afterRefresh(context, applicationArguments);
stopWatch.stop();
if (this.logStartupInfo) {
new StartupInfoLogger(this.mainApplicationClass).logStarted(getApplicationLog(), stopWatch);
}
//發布應用已經啟動的事件
listeners.started(context);
//遍歷所有注冊的ApplicationRunner和CommandLineRunner,并執行其run()方法,
//我們可以實作自己的ApplicationRunner或者CommandLineRunner,來對SpringBoot的啟動程序進行擴展,
callRunners(context, applicationArguments);
}
catch (Throwable ex) {
handleRunFailure(context, ex, exceptionReporters, listeners);
throw new IllegalStateException(ex);
}
try {
//應用已經啟動完成的監聽事件
listeners.running(context);
}
catch (Throwable ex) {
handleRunFailure(context, ex, exceptionReporters, null);
throw new IllegalStateException(ex);
}
return context;
}
其實這個方法我們可以簡單的總結下步驟為 > 1. 配置屬性 > 2. 獲取監聽器,發布應用開始啟動事件 > 3. 初始化輸入引數 > 4. 配置環境,輸出 banner > 5. 創建背景關系 > 6. 預處理背景關系 > 7. 重繪背景關系 > 8. 再重繪背景關系 > 9. 發布應用已經啟動事件 > 10. 發布應用啟動完成事件
其實上面這段代碼,如果只要分析 Tomcat 內容的話,只需要關注兩個內容即可,背景關系是如何創建的,背景關系是如何重繪的,分別對應的方法就是createApplicationContext() 和refreshContext(context),接下來我們來看看這兩個方法做了什么,
protected ConfigurableApplicationContext createApplicationContext() {
Class<!--?--> contextClass = this.applicationContextClass;
if (contextClass == null) {
try {
switch (this.webApplicationType) {
case SERVLET:
contextClass = Class.forName(DEFAULT_SERVLET_WEB_CONTEXT_CLASS);
break;
case REACTIVE:
contextClass = Class.forName(DEFAULT_REACTIVE_WEB_CONTEXT_CLASS);
break;
default:
contextClass = Class.forName(DEFAULT_CONTEXT_CLASS);
}
}
catch (ClassNotFoundException ex) {
throw new IllegalStateException(
"Unable create a default ApplicationContext, " + "please specify an ApplicationContextClass",
ex);
}
}
return (ConfigurableApplicationContext) BeanUtils.instantiateClass(contextClass);
}
這里就是根據我們的webApplicationType來判斷創建哪種型別的 Servlet,代碼中分別對應著 Web 型別(SERVLET),回應式 Web 型別(REACTIVE),非 Web 型別(default),我們建立的是Web型別,所以肯定實體化DEFAULT_SERVLET_WEB_CONTEXT_CLASS
指定的類,也就是
AnnotationConfigServletWebServerApplicationContext類,我們來用圖來說明下這個類的關系,

通過這個類圖我們可以知道,這個類繼承的是ServletWebServerApplicationContext,這就是我們真正的主角,而這個類最終是繼承了AbstractApplicationContext,了解完創建背景關系的情況后,我們再來看看重繪背景關系,相關代碼如下:
//類:SpringApplication.java
private void refreshContext(ConfigurableApplicationContext context) {
//直接呼叫重繪方法
refresh(context);
if (this.registerShutdownHook) {
try {
context.registerShutdownHook();
}
catch (AccessControlException ex) {
// Not allowed in some environments.
}
}
}
//類:SpringApplication.java
protected void refresh(ApplicationContext applicationContext) {
Assert.isInstanceOf(AbstractApplicationContext.class, applicationContext);
((AbstractApplicationContext) applicationContext).refresh();
}
這里還是直接傳遞呼叫本類的refresh(context)方法,最后是強轉成父類AbstractApplicationContext呼叫其refresh()方法,該代碼如下:
// 類:AbstractApplicationContext
public void refresh() throws BeansException, IllegalStateException {
synchronized (this.startupShutdownMonitor) {
// Prepare this context for refreshing.
prepareRefresh();
// Tell the subclass to refresh the internal bean factory.
ConfigurableListableBeanFactory beanFactory = obtainFreshBeanFactory();
// Prepare the bean factory for use in this context.
prepareBeanFactory(beanFactory);
try {
// Allows post-processing of the bean factory in context subclasses.
postProcessBeanFactory(beanFactory);
// Invoke factory processors registered as beans in the context.
invokeBeanFactoryPostProcessors(beanFactory);
// Register bean processors that intercept bean creation.
registerBeanPostProcessors(beanFactory);
// Initialize message source for this context.
initMessageSource();
// Initialize event multicaster for this context.
initApplicationEventMulticaster();
// Initialize other special beans in specific context subclasses.這里的意思就是呼叫各個子類的onRefresh()
onRefresh();
// Check for listener beans and register them.
registerListeners();
// Instantiate all remaining (non-lazy-init) singletons.
finishBeanFactoryInitialization(beanFactory);
// Last step: publish corresponding event.
finishRefresh();
}
catch (BeansException ex) {
if (logger.isWarnEnabled()) {
logger.warn("Exception encountered during context initialization - " +
"cancelling refresh attempt: " + ex);
}
// Destroy already created singletons to avoid dangling resources.
destroyBeans();
// Reset 'active' flag.
cancelRefresh(ex);
// Propagate exception to caller.
throw ex;
}
finally {
// Reset common introspection caches in Spring's core, since we
// might not ever need metadata for singleton beans anymore...
resetCommonCaches();
}
}
}
這里我們看到onRefresh()方法是呼叫其子類的實作,根據我們上文的分析,我們這里的子類是ServletWebServerApplicationContext,
//類:ServletWebServerApplicationContext
protected void onRefresh() {
super.onRefresh();
try {
createWebServer();
}
catch (Throwable ex) {
throw new ApplicationContextException("Unable to start web server", ex);
}
}
private void createWebServer() {
WebServer webServer = this.webServer;
ServletContext servletContext = getServletContext();
if (webServer == null && servletContext == null) {
ServletWebServerFactory factory = getWebServerFactory();
this.webServer = factory.getWebServer(getSelfInitializer());
}
else if (servletContext != null) {
try {
getSelfInitializer().onStartup(servletContext);
}
catch (ServletException ex) {
throw new ApplicationContextException("Cannot initialize servlet context", ex);
}
}
initPropertySources();
}
到這里,其實廬山真面目已經出來了,createWebServer()就是啟動 Web 服務,但是還沒有真正啟動 Tomcat,既然webServer是通過ServletWebServerFactory來獲取的,我們就來看看這個工廠的真面目,

走進 Tomcat 內部
根據上圖我們發現,工廠類是一個介面,各個具體服務的實作是由各個子類來實作的,所以我們就去看看TomcatServletWebServerFactory.getWebServer()的實作,
@Override
public WebServer getWebServer(ServletContextInitializer... initializers) {
Tomcat tomcat = new Tomcat();
File baseDir = (this.baseDirectory != null) ? this.baseDirectory : createTempDir("tomcat");
tomcat.setBaseDir(baseDir.getAbsolutePath());
Connector connector = new Connector(this.protocol);
tomcat.getService().addConnector(connector);
customizeConnector(connector);
tomcat.setConnector(connector);
tomcat.getHost().setAutoDeploy(false);
configureEngine(tomcat.getEngine());
for (Connector additionalConnector : this.additionalTomcatConnectors) {
tomcat.getService().addConnector(additionalConnector);
}
prepareContext(tomcat.getHost(), initializers);
return getTomcatWebServer(tomcat);
}
根據上面的代碼,我們發現其主要做了兩件事情,第一件事就是把 Connnctor (我們稱之為連接器)物件添加到 Tomcat 中,第二件事就是configureEngine,這連接器我們勉強能理解(不理解后面會述說),那這個Engine是什么呢?我們查看tomcat.getEngine()的原始碼:
public Engine getEngine() {
Service service = getServer().findServices()[0];
if (service.getContainer() != null) {
return service.getContainer();
}
Engine engine = new StandardEngine();
engine.setName( "Tomcat" );
engine.setDefaultHost(hostname);
engine.setRealm(createDefaultRealm());
service.setContainer(engine);
return engine;
}
根據上面的原始碼,我們發現,原來這個 Engine 是容器,我們繼續跟蹤原始碼,找到Container介面

上圖中,我們看到了4個子介面,分別是 Engine,Host,Context,Wrapper,我們從繼承關系上可以知道他們都是容器,那么他們到底有啥區別呢?我看看他們的注釋是怎么說的,
/**
If used, an Engine is always the top level Container in a Catalina
* hierarchy. Therefore, the implementation's <code>setParent()</code> method
* should throw <code>IllegalArgumentException</code>.
*
* @author Craig R. McClanahan
*/
public interface Engine extends Container {
//省略代碼
}
/**
* <p>
* The parent Container attached to a Host is generally an Engine, but may
* be some other implementation, or may be omitted if it is not necessary.
* </p><p>
* The child containers attached to a Host are generally implementations
* of Context (representing an individual servlet context).
*
* @author Craig R. McClanahan
*/
public interface Host extends Container {
//省略代碼
}
/*** </p><p>
* The parent Container attached to a Context is generally a Host, but may
* be some other implementation, or may be omitted if it is not necessary.
* </p><p>
* The child containers attached to a Context are generally implementations
* of Wrapper (representing individual servlet definitions).
* </p><p>
*
* @author Craig R. McClanahan
*/
public interface Context extends Container, ContextBind {
//省略代碼
}
/**</p><p>
* The parent Container attached to a Wrapper will generally be an
* implementation of Context, representing the servlet context (and
* therefore the web application) within which this servlet executes.
* </p><p>
* Child Containers are not allowed on Wrapper implementations, so the
* <code>addChild()</code> method should throw an
* <code>IllegalArgumentException</code>.
*
* @author Craig R. McClanahan
*/
public interface Wrapper extends Container {
//省略代碼
}
上面的注釋翻譯過來就是,Engine是最高級別的容器,其子容器是Host,Host的子容器是Context,Wrapper是Context的子容器,所以這4個容器的關系就是父子關系,也就是Engine>Host>Context>Wrapper,我們再看看Tomcat類的原始碼:
//部分原始碼,其余部分省略,
public class Tomcat {
//設定連接器
public void setConnector(Connector connector) {
Service service = getService();
boolean found = false;
for (Connector serviceConnector : service.findConnectors()) {
if (connector == serviceConnector) {
found = true;
}
}
if (!found) {
service.addConnector(connector);
}
}
//獲取service
public Service getService() {
return getServer().findServices()[0];
}
//設定Host容器
public void setHost(Host host) {
Engine engine = getEngine();
boolean found = false;
for (Container engineHost : engine.findChildren()) {
if (engineHost == host) {
found = true;
}
}
if (!found) {
engine.addChild(host);
}
}
//獲取Engine容器
public Engine getEngine() {
Service service = getServer().findServices()[0];
if (service.getContainer() != null) {
return service.getContainer();
}
Engine engine = new StandardEngine();
engine.setName( "Tomcat" );
engine.setDefaultHost(hostname);
engine.setRealm(createDefaultRealm());
service.setContainer(engine);
return engine;
}
//獲取server
public Server getServer() {
if (server != null) {
return server;
}
System.setProperty("catalina.useNaming", "false");
server = new StandardServer();
initBaseDir();
// Set configuration source
ConfigFileLoader.setSource(new CatalinaBaseConfigurationSource(new File(basedir), null));
server.setPort( -1 );
Service service = new StandardService();
service.setName("Tomcat");
server.addService(service);
return server;
}
//添加Context容器
public Context addContext(Host host, String contextPath, String contextName,
String dir) {
silence(host, contextName);
Context ctx = createContext(host, contextPath);
ctx.setName(contextName);
ctx.setPath(contextPath);
ctx.setDocBase(dir);
ctx.addLifecycleListener(new FixContextListener());
if (host == null) {
getHost().addChild(ctx);
} else {
host.addChild(ctx);
}
//添加Wrapper容器
public static Wrapper addServlet(Context ctx,
String servletName,
Servlet servlet) {
// will do class for name and set init params
Wrapper sw = new ExistingStandardWrapper(servlet);
sw.setName(servletName);
ctx.addChild(sw);
return sw;
}
}
閱讀Tomcat的getServer()我們可以知道,Tomcat的最頂層是Server,Server 就是Tomcat的實體,一個Tomcat一個Server;通過getEngine()我們可以了解到 Server 下面是 Service,而且是多個,一個 Service 代表我們部署的一個應用,而且我們還可以知道,Engine容器,一個service只有一個;根據父子關系,我們看setHost()原始碼可以知道,host容器有多個;同理,我們發現addContext()原始碼下,Context也是多個;addServlet()表明Wrapper容器也是多個,而且這段代碼也暗示了,其實Wrapper和Servlet是一層意思,另外我們根據setConnector原始碼可以知道,連接器(Connector)是設定在service下的,而且是可以設定多個連接器(Connector),
根據上面分析,我們可以小結下:Tomcat 主要包含了2個核心組件,連接器(Connector)和容器(Container),用圖表示如下:

一個Tomcat是一個Server,一個Server下有多個service,也就是我們部署的多個應用,一個應用下有多個連接器(Connector)和一個容器(Container),容器下有多個子容器,關系用圖表示如下:

Engine下有多個Host子容器,Host下有多個Context子容器,Context下有多個Wrapper子容器,
總結
Spring Boot 的啟動是通過new SpringApplication()實體來啟動的,啟動程序主要做如下幾件事情:> 1. 配置屬性 > 2. 獲取監聽器,發布應用開始啟動事件 > 3. 初始化輸入引數 > 4. 配置環境,輸出banner > 5. 創建背景關系 > 6. 預處理背景關系 > 7. 重繪背景關系 > 8. 再重繪背景關系 > 9. 發布應用已經啟動事件 > 10. 發布應用啟動完成事件
而啟動 Tomcat 就是在第7步中“重繪背景關系”;Tomcat 的啟動主要是初始化2個核心組件,連接器(Connector)和容器(Container),一個 Tomcat 實體就是一個 Server,一個 Server 包含多個 Service,也就是多個應用程式,每個 Service 包含多個連接器(Connetor)和一個容器(Container),而容器下又有多個子容器,按照父子關系分別為:Engine,Host,Context,Wrapper,其中除了 Engine 外,其余的容器都是可以有多個,
下期展望
本期文章通過SpringBoot的啟動來窺探了Tomcat的內部結構,下一期,我們來分析下本次文章中的連接器(Connetor)和容器(Container)的作用,敬請期待,
推薦去我的博客閱讀更多:
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2.Spring MVC、Spring Boot、Spring Cloud 系列教程
3.Maven、Git、Eclipse、Intellij IDEA 系列工具教程
4.Java、后端、架構、阿里巴巴等大廠最新面試題
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