Mysql系列第十三講
- 比較運算子中使用NULL
- 準備資料
- IN、NOT IN和NULL比較
- IN和NULL比較
- NOT IN 和NULL比較
- EXISTS、NOT EXISTS和NULL比較
- 判斷NULL只能用IS NULL、IS NOT NULL
- 聚合函式中NULL的坑
- NULL不能作為主鍵的值
- 總結
比較運算子中使用NULL
mysql> select 1>NULL;
+--------+
| 1>NULL |
+--------+
| NULL |
+--------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
mysql> select 1<NULL;
+--------+
| 1<NULL |
+--------+
| NULL |
+--------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
mysql> select 1<>NULL;
+---------+
| 1<>NULL |
+---------+
| NULL |
+---------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
mysql> select 1>NULL;
+--------+
| 1>NULL |
+--------+
| NULL |
+--------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
mysql> select 1<NULL;
+--------+
| 1<NULL |
+--------+
| NULL |
+--------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
mysql> select 1>=NULL;
+---------+
| 1>=NULL |
+---------+
| NULL |
+---------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
mysql> select 1<=NULL;
+---------+
| 1<=NULL |
+---------+
| NULL |
+---------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
mysql> select 1!=NULL;
+---------+
| 1!=NULL |
+---------+
| NULL |
+---------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
mysql> select 1<>NULL;
+---------+
| 1<>NULL |
+---------+
| NULL |
+---------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
mysql> select NULL=NULL,NULL!=NULL;
+-----------+------------+
| NULL=NULL | NULL!=NULL |
+-----------+------------+
| NULL | NULL |
+-----------+------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
mysql> select 1 in (null),1 not in (null),null in (null),null not in (null);
+-------------+-----------------+----------------+--------------------+
| 1 in (null) | 1 not in (null) | null in (null) | null not in (null) |
+-------------+-----------------+----------------+--------------------+
| NULL | NULL | NULL | NULL |
+-------------+-----------------+----------------+--------------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
mysql> select 1=any(select null),null=any(select null);
+--------------------+-----------------------+
| 1=any(select null) | null=any(select null) |
+--------------------+-----------------------+
| NULL | NULL |
+--------------------+-----------------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
mysql> select 1=all(select null),null=all(select null);
+--------------------+-----------------------+
| 1=all(select null) | null=all(select null) |
+--------------------+-----------------------+
| NULL | NULL |
+--------------------+-----------------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
結論:任何值和NULL使用運算子(>、<、>=、<=、!=、<>)或者(in、not in、any/some、all)比較時,回傳值都為NULL,NULL作為布林值的時候,不為1也不為0,
準備資料
mysql> create table test1(a int,b int);
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.01 sec)
mysql> insert into test1 values (1,1),(1,null),(null,null);
Query OK, 3 rows affected (0.00 sec)
Records: 3 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0
mysql> select * from test1;
+------+------+
| a | b |
+------+------+
| 1 | 1 |
| 1 | NULL |
| NULL | NULL |
+------+------+
3 rows in set (0.00 sec)
上面3條資料,認真看一下,特別是注意上面NULL的記錄,
IN、NOT IN和NULL比較
IN和NULL比較
mysql> select * from test1;
+------+------+
| a | b |
+------+------+
| 1 | 1 |
| 1 | NULL |
| NULL | NULL |
+------+------+
3 rows in set (0.00 sec)
mysql> select * from test1 where a in (null);
Empty set (0.00 sec)
mysql> select * from test1 where a in (null,1);
+------+------+
| a | b |
+------+------+
| 1 | 1 |
| 1 | NULL |
+------+------+
2 rows in set (0.00 sec)
結論:當IN和NULL比較時,無法查詢出為NULL的記錄,
NOT IN 和NULL比較
mysql> select * from test1 where a not in (1);
Empty set (0.00 sec)
mysql> select * from test1 where a not in (null);
Empty set (0.00 sec)
mysql> select * from test1 where a not in (null,2);
Empty set (0.00 sec)
mysql> select * from test1 where a not in (2);
+------+------+
| a | b |
+------+------+
| 1 | 1 |
| 1 | NULL |
+------+------+
2 rows in set (0.00 sec)
結論:當NOT IN 后面有NULL值時,不論什么情況下,整個sql的查詢結果都為空,
EXISTS、NOT EXISTS和NULL比較
mysql> select * from test2;
+------+------+
| a | b |
+------+------+
| 1 | 1 |
| 1 | NULL |
| NULL | NULL |
+------+------+
3 rows in set (0.00 sec)
mysql> select * from test1 t1 where exists (select * from test2 t2 where t1.a = t2.a);
+------+------+
| a | b |
+------+------+
| 1 | 1 |
| 1 | NULL |
+------+------+
2 rows in set (0.00 sec)
mysql> select * from test1 t1 where not exists (select * from test2 t2 where t1.a = t2.a);
+------+------+
| a | b |
+------+------+
| NULL | NULL |
+------+------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
上面我們復制了表test1創建了表test2,
查詢陳述句中使用exists、not exists對比test1.a=test2.a,因為=不能比較NULL,結果和預期一致,
判斷NULL只能用IS NULL、IS NOT NULL
mysql> select 1 is not null;
+---------------+
| 1 is not null |
+---------------+
| 1 |
+---------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
mysql> select 1 is null;
+-----------+
| 1 is null |
+-----------+
| 0 |
+-----------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
mysql> select null is null;
+--------------+
| null is null |
+--------------+
| 1 |
+--------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
mysql> select null is not null;
+------------------+
| null is not null |
+------------------+
| 0 |
+------------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
看上面的效果,回傳的結果為1或者0,
結論:判斷是否為空只能用IS NULL、IS NOT NULL,
聚合函式中NULL的坑
示例
mysql> select count(a),count(b),count(*) from test1;
+----------+----------+----------+
| count(a) | count(b) | count(*) |
+----------+----------+----------+
| 2 | 1 | 3 |
+----------+----------+----------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
count(a)回傳了2行記錄,a欄位為NULL的沒有統計出來,
count(b)回傳了1行記錄,為NULL的2行記錄沒有統計出來,
count(*)可以統計所有資料,不論欄位的資料是否為NULL,
再繼續看
mysql> select * from test1 where a is null;
+------+------+
| a | b |
+------+------+
| NULL | NULL |
+------+------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
mysql> select count(a) from test1 where a is null;
+----------+
| count(a) |
+----------+
| 0 |
+----------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
上面第1個sql使用is null查詢出了結果,第2個sql中count(a)回傳的是0行,
結論:count(欄位)無法統計欄位為NULL的值,count(*)可以統計值為null的行,
NULL不能作為主鍵的值
mysql> create table test3(a int primary key,b int);
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.01 sec)
mysql> insert into test3 values (null,1);
ERROR 1048 (23000): Column 'a' cannot be null
上面我們創建了一個表test3,欄位a未指定不能為空,插入了一條NULL的資料,報錯原因:a 欄位的值不能為NULL,我們看一下表的創建陳述句:
mysql> show create table test3;
+-------+------------+
| Table | Create Table |
+-------+------------+
| test3 | CREATE TABLE `test3` (
`a` int(11) NOT NULL,
`b` int(11) DEFAULT NULL,
PRIMARY KEY (`a`)
) ENGINE=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8
+-------+------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
從上面的腳本可以看出,當欄位為主鍵的時候,欄位會自動設定為not null,
結論:當欄位為主鍵的時候,欄位會自動設定為not null,
看了上面這些還是比較暈,NULL的情況確實比較難以處理,容易出錯,最有效的方法就是避免使用NULL,所以,強烈建議創建欄位的時候欄位不允許為NULL,設定一個默認值,
總結
-
NULL作為布林值的時候,不為1也不為0
-
任何值和NULL使用運算子(>、<、>=、<=、!=、<>)或者(in、not in、any/some、all),回傳值都為NULL
-
當IN和NULL比較時,無法查詢出為NULL的記錄
-
當NOT IN 后面有NULL值時,不論什么情況下,整個sql的查詢結果都為空
-
判斷是否為空只能用IS NULL、IS NOT NULL
-
count(欄位)無法統計欄位為NULL的值,count(*)可以統計值為null的行
-
當欄位為主鍵的時候,欄位會自動設定為not null
-
NULL導致的坑讓人防不勝防,強烈建議創建欄位的時候欄位不允許為NULL,給個默認值
Java
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