#Tic-Tac-Toe
#和人類對手下井字棋
#Tic-Tac-Toe(偽碼)
# 顯示該游戲的操作指南
# 決定誰先走
# 創建一個空的井字棋棋盤
# 把棋盤顯示出來
# 當沒有人獲勝且不是平局時
# 如果輪到玩家
# 得到玩家的行棋位置
# 根據行棋位置更新棋盤
# 否則
# 計算得出機器人的行棋位置
# 根據行棋位置更新棋盤
# 顯示棋盤
# 切換行棋方
# 向贏家表示恭喜或宣告平局
#全域變數
X = "X"
O = "O"
EMPTY = " "#表示棋盤上的一個空方格
TIE = "TIE"#表示平局
NUM_SQUARES = 9#是井字棋盤上的方格數
def display_instruct():#列印游戲說明
"""Display game instructions."""
print(
"""
Welcome to the greatest intellectual challenge of all time: Tic-Tac-Toe.
This will be a showdown between your human brain and my silicon processor.
You will make your move known by entering a number,0 - 8. The number will
correspnd to the board position as illustrated:
0 | 1 | 2
---------
3 | 4 | 5
---------
6 | 7 | 8
Prepare yourself, human. The ultimate battle is about to begin. \n
""")
def ask_yes_no(question):#接收一個問題，回傳“y”或“n”
"""Ask a yes or no question."""
response = None
while response not in ("y","n"):
response = input(question).lower()
return response
def ask_number(question,low,high):#請求用戶給出指定范圍的一個數字
"""Ask for a number within a range."""
response = None
while response not in range(low,high):
response = int(input(question))
return response
def pieces():#詢問玩家是否希望先行棋，然后據此回傳機器人和玩家的棋子
"""Determine if player or computer goes first."""#根據井字棋的玩法繼續走
go_first = ask_yes_no("Do you require the first move?(y/n):")
#該函式呼叫了另一個函式（ask_yes_no()）。這是沒有問題的
#任何函式都可呼叫別的函式
if go_first == "y":
print("\nThen take the first move. You will meed it.")
human = X
computer = O
else:
print("\nYour bravery will be your undoing…… I will go first.")
computer = X
human = O
return computer,human
def new_board():#創建新棋盤（一個長度為9的串列，各元素均被設定為EMPTY），然后將其回傳
"""Create new game board."""
board = []
for square in range(NUM_SQUARES):
board.append(EMPTY)
return board
def display_board(board):#會將傳給他的棋盤顯示出來
"""Display game board on screen."""
print("\n\t", board[0], "|", board[1], "|", board[2])
print("\t","---------")
print("\t", board[3], "|", board[4], "|", board[5])
print("\t","---------")
print("\t", board[6], "|", board[7], "|", board[8], "\n")
def legal_moves(board):#對棋盤進行迭代，找到一個空方格，就添加到合法行棋的串列中
"""Create list of legal moves."""
moves = []
for square in range(NUM_SQUARES):
if board[square] == EMPTY:
moves.append(square)
return moves#回傳合法行棋的串列
def winner(board):
"""Determine the game winner."""
WAYS_TO_WIN = ((0, 1, 2),
(3, 4, 5),
(6, 7, 8),
(0, 3, 6),
(1, 4, 7),
(2, 5, 8),
(0, 4, 8),
(2, 4, 6))
for row in WAYS_TO_WIN:
if board[row[0]] == board[row[1]] == board[row[2]] != EMPTY:
winner = board[row[0]]
return winner
if EMPTY not in board:
return TIE
return None
def human_move(board,human):
"""Get human move"""
legal = legal_moves(board)
move = None
while move not in legal:
move = ask_number("Where will you move?(0 - 8):",0,NUM_SQUARES)
if move not in legal:
print("\nThat square is already occupied,foolish human.Choose another.\n")
print("Fine……")
return move
def computer_move(board,computer,human):
"""Make computer move"""
#由于該函式會對串列造成修改，所以需要創建一個副本
board = board[:]
#按優劣順序排列的行棋位置
BEST_MOVES =(4,0,2,6,8,1,3,5,7)
print("I shall take square number", end = " ")
#如果機器人能贏，就走那個位置
for move in legal_moves(board):
board[move] = computer
if winner(board) == computer:
print(move)
return move
#結束對當前行棋方案的測驗，并取消
board[move] = EMPTY
#如果玩家可以贏，就堵住那個位置
for move in legal_moves(board):
board[move] = human
if winner(board) == human:
print(move)
return move
#結束對當前行棋方案的測驗，并取消
board[move] = EMPTY
#由于本輪輸液贏不了，所以挑選最佳的空位來走
for move in BEST_MOVES:
if move in legal_moves(board):
print(move)
return move
def next_turn(turn):
"""Switch turns"""
if turn == X:
return O
else:
return X
def congrat_winner(the_winner,computer,human):
"""Congratulate the winner."""
if the_winner != TIE:
print(the_winner, "won!\n")
else:
print("It's a tie!\n")
if the_winner == computer:
print("As I predicted,human, I am triumphant once more. \n" \
"Proof that computers are superior to humans in all regards.")
elif the_winner == human:
print("No,no! It canot be! Somehow you tricked me,human. \n" \
"Celebrate today……for this is the best you will ever achieve.")
def main():
display_instruct()
computer,human = pieces()
turn = X
board = new_board()
display_board(board)
while not winner(board):
if turn == human:
move = human_move(board,human)
board[move] = human
else:
move = computer_move(board,computer,human)
board[move] = computer
display_board(board)
turn = next_turn(turn)
the_winner = winner(board)
congrat_winner(the_winner,computer,human)
#啟動程式
main()
input("\n\nPress the enter key to quit.")
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