軟考 系統架構設計師 2009-2018年英語翻譯及重點詞匯

2009年原文

An architectural Style defines as a family of such systems in terms of a pattern、of structural organization.More specifically an architectural style defines a vocabulary of components and connector types, and a set of constraints on how they can be combined. For many styles there may also exist one or more semantic models that specify how to determine a system’s overall properties from the properties of its parts. Many of architectural styles have been developed over the years.The best-known examples of pipe-and-filter architectures are programs written in the Unix shell．

翻譯

一種架構風格以一種結構化組織模式定義一組這樣的系統，具體來說，一種架構風格定義了一個構件及連接器型別的詞匯表，以及一組關于它們如何能夠被關聯的約束，對于許多風格來說，可能也存在一個或多個語意模型，從系統部件的特性來確定系統的整體特性，許多架構風格已經發展了很多年，眾所周知的管道-過濾器架構的例子就是用UNIX shell撰寫的程式，

重點詞匯

1. pattern. 模式.
2. component. 構件.
3. constraint. 約束.
4. semantic model. 語意模型.
5. pope-and-filter. 管道-過濾器架構.
6. architectural style. 架構風格
7. specifically. 具體地.
8. specify. 指定、確定.

2010年原文

The software architecture is a set of software components, subsystems, relationships, interactions, the properties of each of these elements, and the set of guiding principles that together constitute the fundamental properties and constraints of a software system or set of systems. Architectural pattern defines a general set of element types and their interactions. The examples include Pipes and Filters, Model-View-Controller, and Reflection.

A model in software architecture is a representation used to understand or document one or more aspects of a problem or solution. Architecture is usually used in conjunction with many adjunct terms.

The business architecture defines the key strategies, organization, goals and related processes of the enterprise.

At the enterprise level, the application architecture may be more of a set of guidelines on how the various software architectures should be constructed consistently across the enterprise.

The reference architecture, which describes the high-level set of elements involved in application from a particular domain along with their interactions, is often used to focus on subsystem definition rather than application process level definition.

翻譯

軟體架構中的模型是一種表現形式，用于從一個或多個方面理解或記錄一個問題或解決方案，架構通常會與一些附屬詞結合起來使用，

業務架構定義了企業的關鍵策略、組織、目標和相關程序，

在企業層面，應用架構可能更多的是一組關于應該如何在整個企業一致地構建各種軟體架構的指導原則，

參考架構描述了源自特定領域的應用涉及的髙層元素集合及其互動關系，通常用于關注子系統的定義而不是應用程序級別定義，

重點詞匯

1. Architectural pattern. 架構模式
2. model. 模型
3. business architecture. 業務架構
4. application architecture. 應用架構
5. reference architecture. 參考架構
6. software architecture. 軟體架構
7. Pipes and Filters. 管道與過濾器
8. Model-View-Controller. MVC框架，模型(model)－視圖(view)－控制器(controller)
9. Reflection. 反射機制
10. involve. 涉及、包括
11. interaction. 互動

2011年原文

Information systems design is defined as those tasks that focus on the specification of a detailed computer-based solution. Typically, there are four systems design tasks for in-house development.

1. The first task is to specify an application architecture,which defines the technologies to be used by one, more, or all information systems in terms of their data, processes, interfaces, and network components. This task is accomplished by analyzing the data models and process models that are initially created during requirements analysis.

2. The next systems design task is to develop the database design specifications. The purpose of this task is to prepare technical design specifications for a database that will be adaptable to future requirements and expansion.

3. Once the database prototype has been built, the systems designer can work closely with system users to develop input, output and dialogue specifications. The internal controls must be specified to ensure that the outputs are not lost, misrouted, misused, or incomplete.

4. The fourth design task involves packaging all the specifications from the previous design tasks into a set of specifications that will guide the computer programmer’s activities during the following phases of the systems development methodology.

Finally, we should reevaluate project feasibility and update the project plan accordingly. The key deliverable should include a detailed plan for the construction phase that should follow.

翻譯

資訊系統設計被定義為一些任務，它們主要關注一個詳細的計算機解決方案的規格說明，通常來說，內部開發有四種系統設計任務，

1. 第一項任務是確定一個應用程式架構，它以資料、程序、介面和網路組件的方式定義一個、多個或所有資訊系統要使用的技術，完成這項任務需要分析最初創建于需求分析期間的資料模型和程序模型，

2. 下一項系統設計任務是開發資料庫設計的規格說明，該任務的目的是準備一個資料庫技術設計規格說明，以適應將來的需求和擴展，

3. —旦建成了資料庫原型，系統設計人員能夠和系統用戶密切合作開發輸入、輸出和對話框規格說明，必須指定內部控制元件來確保輸出不會丟失、誤傳、濫用或不完整，

4. 第四項設計任務包括把之前所有設計任務的規格說明打包為一套規格說明，將在系統開發方法的后續階段中指導計算機程式員的活動，

最后，我們應該重新評估專案可行性并相應地更新專案計劃，主要交付成果將包括構建階段應該遵循的一個詳細計劃，

重點詞匯

1. application architecture. 應用架構
2. database design specifications. 資料庫設計規范
3. internal control. 內部控制
4. computer programmer. 計算機程式員
5. reevaluate project feasibility. 重新評估專案可行性
6. Information system. 資訊系統
7. requirements analysis. 需求分析
8. systems development methodology. 系統開發方法
9. project feasibility. 專案可行性
10. specify. 指定、確定
11. specification. 規格
12. involve. 涉及、包括

2012年原文

An application architecture specifies the technologies to be used to implement one or more information systems. It serves as an outline for detailed design, construction, and implementation. Given the models and details, include logical DFDs and ERD, we can distribute data and processes to create a general design of application architecture. The design will normally be constrained by architecture standards, project objectives, and the feasibility of techniques used. The first, physical DFD to be drawn is the network architecture DFD. The next step is to distribute data stores to different processors. Data partitioning and replication are two types of distributed data which most RDBMSs support. There are many distribution options used in data distribution. In the case of storing specific tables on different servers, we should record each tableas a data store on the physical DFD and connect each to the appropriate server.

翻譯

應用架構說明了實作一個或多個資訊系統所使用的技術，它作為詳細設計、構造和實作的一個大綱，給定了包括邏輯資料流圖和物體聯系圖在內的模型和詳細資料，我們可以分配資料和程序以創建應用架構的一個概要設計，概要設計通常會受到架構標準、專案目標和所使用技術的可行性的制約，需要繪制的第一個物理資料流圖是網路架構資料流圖，接下來是分配資料存盤到不同的處理器，資料磁區和復制是大多數關系型資料庫支持的兩種分布式資料形式，有許多分配方法用于資料分布，在不同服務器上存盤特定表的情況下，我們應該將每個表記為物理資料流圖中的一個資料存盤，并將每個表連接到相應的服務器，

重點詞匯

1. logical DFDs and ERD. 邏輯資料流圖和物體聯系圖
2. the feasibility of techniques. 技術可行性
3. network architecture DFD. 網路架構資料流圖
4. Data partitioning and replication. 資料分配和復制
5. storing specific tables on different servers. 在不同服務器上存盤特定表
6. application architecture. 應用架構
7. detailed design. 詳細設計
8. general design. 概要設計
9. feasibility of techniques. 技術可行性
10. data stores. 資料存盤
11. RDBMS. 關系資料庫管理系統，Relational Database Management System

2013年原文

A system’s architecture is a representation of a system in which there is a mapping of functionality onto hardware and software components, a mapping of the software architecture onto the hardware architecture, and a concern for the human interaction with these components. That is,system architecture is concerned with a total system, including hardware, software, and humans. Software architectural structures can be divided into three major categories, depending on the broad nature of the elements they show.

1)Module structures embody decisions as a set of code or data units that have to be constructed or procured.

2)Component-and-connector structures embody decisions as to how the system is to be structured as set of elements that have runtime behavior and interactions.

3)Allocation structures embody decisions as to how the system will relate to non software structures in its environment (such as CPUs, file systems, networks, development teams, etc.).

翻譯

系統架構是一個系統的一種表示，包含了功能到軟硬體構件的映射、軟體架構到硬體架構的映射以及對于這些組件人機互動的關注，也就是說，系統架構關注于整個系統， 包括硬體、軟體和使用者，軟體架構結構根據其所展示元素的廣義性質，可以被分為三個主要類別，

1)模塊結構將決策體現為一組需要被構建或獲取的代碼或資料單元，

2)構件-連接器結構將決策體現為系統如何被結構化為一組具有運行時行為和互動的元素，

3)配置結構將決策體現為系統如何在其環境中關聯到非軟體結構，如CPU、檔案系統、 網路、開發團隊等，

重點詞匯

1. functionality. 功能 (計算機或電子系統的)
2. software architecture. 軟體架構
3. module structures. 模塊結構
4. component-and-connector structures. 組件-連接器結構
5. Allocation structures. 配置結構

2014年原文

Software architecture reconstruction is an interpretive, interactive, and iterative process including many activities. Information extraction involves analyzing a system’s existing design and implementation artifacts to construct a model of it. The result is used in the following activities to construct a view of the system. The database construction activity converts the elements and relations contained in the view into a standard format for storage in a database. The view fusion activity involves defining and manipulating the information stored in database to reconcile, augment, and establish connections between the elements. Reconstruction consists of two primary activities: visualization and interaction and pattern definition and recognition. The former provides a mechanism for the user to manipulate architectural elements, and the latter provides facilities for architecture reconstruction.

翻譯

軟體架構重構是一個解釋性、互動式和反復迭代的程序，包括了多項活動，資訊提取通過分析系統現有設計和實作構件來構造它的模型，其結果用于在后續活動中構造系統的視圖，資料庫構建活動把模型中包含的元素和關系轉換為資料庫中的標準存盤格式，視圖融合活動包括定義和操作資料庫中存盤的資訊，理順、加強并建立起元素之間的連接，重構由兩個主要活動組成：可視化和互動記及模式定義和識別，前者提供了一種讓用戶操作架構元素的機制，后者則提供了用于架構重構的設施，

重點詞匯

1. Information extraction. 資訊提取
2. elements and relations. 元素和關系
3. view fusion. 視圖融合
4. visualization and interaction. 可視化與互動
5. pattern definition and recognition. 模式定義與識別
6. interpretive, interactive, and iterative process. 解釋性的、動態的、迭代的的程序
7. involve. 涉及、包括
8. artifact. 構件
9. convert. 轉換
10. reconcile. 協調、理順
11. augment. 加強

2015年原文

The objective of architecture design is to determine what parts of the application software will be assigned to what hardware.The major software components of the system being developed have to be identified and then allocated to the various hardware components on which the system will operate. All software systems can be divided into four basic functions. The first is data storage. Most information systems require data to be stored and retrieved,whether a small file,such as a memo produced by a word processor,or a large database,such as one that stores an organization’s accounting records. The second function is the data access logic,the processing required to access data,which often means database queries in Structured Query Language. The third function is the application logic,which is the logic documented in the DFDs,use cases,and functional requirements.The fourth function is the presentation logic,the display of information to the user and the acceptance of the user’s commands.The three primary hardware components of a system are clients,servers,and network.

翻譯

架構設計的目標是確定應用軟體的哪些部分將被分配到何種硬體，識別出正在開發系統的主要軟體構件并分配到系統將要運行的硬體構件，所有軟體系統可分為四項基本功能，第一項是資料存盤，大多數資訊系統需要資料進行存盤并檢索，無論是一個小檔案，比如一個字處理器產生的一個備忘錄，還是一個大型資料庫，比如存盤一個企業會計記錄的資料庫，第二項功能是資料訪問邏輯，處理程序需要訪問資料，這通常是指用SQL進行資料庫查詢，第三項功能是應用程式邏輯，這些邏輯通過資料流圖，用例和功能需求記錄下來，第四項功能是表示邏輯，給用戶顯示資訊并接收用戶命令，一個系統的三類主要硬體構件是客戶機、服務器和網路，

重點詞匯

1. architecture design. 架構設計
2. data storage. 資料存盤
3. data access logic. 資料訪問邏輯
4. application logic. 應用邏輯
5. clients,servers,and network. 客戶機、服務器和網路
6. allocate. 分配

2016年原文

The objective of architecture design is to determine what parts of the application software will be assigned to what hardware. The major software components of the system being developed have to be identified and then allocated to the various hardware components on which the system will operate. All software systems can be divided into four basic functions. The first is data storage.Most information systems require data to be stored and retrieved, whether a small file,such as a memo produced by a word processor, or a large database, such as one that stores an organization’s accounting records.The second function is the data access logic,the processing required to access data, which often means database queries in Structured Query Language. The third function is the application logic,which is the logic documented in the DFDs, use cases,and functional requirements.The fourth function is the presentation logic,the display of information to the user and the acceptance of the user’s commands.The three primary hardware components of a system are clients,servers,and network.

翻譯

架構設計的目標是確定應用軟體的哪些部分將被分配到何種硬體，識別出正在開發系統的主要軟體構件并分配到系統將要運行的硬體構件，所有軟體系統可分為四項基本功能，第一項是資料存盤，大多數資訊系統需要資料進行存盤并檢索，無論是一個小檔案，比如一個字處理器產生的一個備忘錄，還是一個大型資料庫，比如存盤一個企業會計記錄的資料庫，第二項功能是資料訪問邏輯，處理程序需要訪問資料，這通常是指用SQL進行資料庫查詢，第三項功能是應用程式邏輯，這些邏輯通過資料流圖，用例和功能需求記錄下來，第四項功能是表示邏輯，給用戶顯示資訊并接收用戶命令，一個系統的三類主要硬體構件是客戶機、服務器和網路，

重點詞匯

1. architecture design. 架構設計
2. data storage. 資料存盤
3. data access logic. 資料訪問邏輯
4. application logic. 應用邏輯
5. clients,servers,and network. 客戶機、服務器和網路
6. allocate. 分配

2017年原文

The architecture design specifies the overall architecture and the placement of software and hardware that will be used. Architecture design is a very complex process that is often left to experienced architecture designers and consultants.

The first step is to refine the nonfunctional requirements into more detailed requirements that are then employed to help select the architecture to be used and the software components to be placed on each device. In a client-server architecture, one also has to decide whether to use a two-tier, three-tier,or n-tier architecture.

Then the requirements and the architecture design are used to develop the hardware and software specification. There are four primary types of nonfunctional requirements that can be important in designing the architecture.Operational requirements specify the operating environment(s) in which the system must perform and how those may change over time. Performance requirements focus on the nonfunctional requirements issues such as response time,capacity,and reliability. Security requirements are the abilities to protect the information system from disruption and data loss, whether caused by an intentional act. Cultural and political requirements are specific to the countries in which the system will be used.

翻譯

架構設計指定了將要使用的軟體和硬體的總體架構和布局， 架構設計是一個非常復雜的程序，往往留給經驗豐富的架構設計師和顧問，

第一步是將非功能需求細化為更詳細的需求，然后用于幫助選擇要使用的體系結構以及要放置在每個設備上的軟體組件，在客戶端-服務器架構中，還必須決定是使用兩層，三層還是n層架構，

然后使用需求和體系結構設計來開發硬體和軟體規范， 有四種主要的非功能需求型別可能在設計架構時非常重要，操作需求指定系統必須執行的操作環境以及這些操作環境如何隨時間變化， 性能需求注重非功能性需求是特定于系統將被使用的國家，

重點詞匯

1. nonfunctional requirements. 非功能需求
2. client-server architecture. 客戶端-服務器架構
3. operational requirements. 操作需求
4. performance requirements. 性能需求
5. security requirements. 安全需求
6. specify. 指定
7. specification. 規范
8. specific. 特定的

2018年原文

Designing the data storage architecture is an important activity in system design.There are two main types of data storage formats: files and databases. Files are electronic of data that have been optimized to perform a particular transaction. There are several types of files that differ in the way they are used to support an application.Master files store core information that is important to the business and , more specifically , to the application , such as order information or customer mailing information . Audit files contain static values , such as a list of valid codes or the names of cities. Typically, the list is used for validation. A database is a collection of groupings of information that are related to each other in some way. There are many different types of databases that exist on the market today. Legacy database is given to those databases which are based on older, sometimes outdated technology that is seldom used to develop new applications . Hierarchical database are collections of records that are related to each other through pointers. In relational database, referential integrity can be used in ensuring that values linking the tables together through the primary and foreign keys are valid and correctly synchronized.

翻譯

設計資料存盤架構是系統設計中的一項重要活動，主要有兩種型別的資料存盤格式：檔案和資料庫，檔案是經過優化的可以執行特定事務的電子資料，有幾種型別的檔案，它們支持應用程式的方式也不同，主檔案存盤對業務，尤其是應用程式的重要核心資訊，例如訂單資訊或客戶郵件資訊，審核檔案包含靜態值，例如有效代碼串列或城市名稱，通常，該串列用于驗證，資料庫是以某種方式相關聯的資訊分組的集合，當今市場上存在許多不同型別的資料庫，遺留資料庫被賦予那些基于舊的，或者過時技術的資料庫，這些技術很少用于開發新的應用，分層資料庫是通過指標相互關聯的記錄的集合，在關系資料庫中，參考完整性可用于確保通過主鍵和外鍵將表鏈接在一起的值有效且正確同步，

重點詞匯

1. specifically. 具體地