200行golang 實作的區塊鏈

下面的代碼實作了一個最小的區塊鏈，訪問使用Http介面

package main

import (
	"crypto/sha256"
	"encoding/hex"
	"encoding/json"
	"fmt"
	"io"
	"log"
	"net/http"
	"os"
	"strconv"
	"strings"
	"sync"
	"time"

	"github.com/davecgh/go-spew/spew"
	"github.com/gorilla/mux"
	"github.com/joho/godotenv"
)

const difficulty = 1

// Block represents each 'item' in the blockchain
type Block struct {
	Index      int // 區塊高度，創世區塊是0，新生成區塊依次+1
	Timestamp  string // 本區塊創建的時間戳
	BPM        int // 區塊存盤的資料，在位元幣中是交易資料
	Hash       string // 本區塊哈希值
	PrevHash   string // 前一個區塊的哈希值
	Difficulty int // 區塊的挖礦難度
	Nonce      string // 挖到本區塊的碰撞值(隨機值)，用于其它節點挑戰本區塊的真實性
}

// Blockchain is a series of validated Blocks，存盤所有區塊（記憶體），在位元幣中是存盤在資料庫中(硬碟)
var Blockchain []Block

// Message takes incoming JSON payload for writing heart rate，區塊（交易）資料
type Message struct {
	BPM int
}

var mutex = &sync.Mutex{}

func main() {
	err := godotenv.Load("example.env")
	if err != nil {
		log.Fatal(err)
	}

	go func() {
		t := time.Now()
		genesisBlock := Block{}
		genesisBlock = Block{0, t.String(), 0, calculateHash(genesisBlock), "", difficulty, ""}
		spew.Dump(genesisBlock)

		mutex.Lock()
		Blockchain = append(Blockchain, genesisBlock)
		mutex.Unlock()
	}()
	log.Fatal(run())

}

// web server
func run() error {
	mux := makeMuxRouter()
	httpPort := os.Getenv("PORT")
	log.Println("HTTP Server Listening on port :", httpPort)
	s := &http.Server{
		Addr:           ":" + httpPort,
		Handler:        mux,
		ReadTimeout:    10 * time.Second,
		WriteTimeout:   10 * time.Second,
		MaxHeaderBytes: 1 << 20,
	}

	if err := s.ListenAndServe(); err != nil {
		return err
	}

	return nil
}

// create handlers
func makeMuxRouter() http.Handler {
	muxRouter := mux.NewRouter()
	muxRouter.HandleFunc("/", handleGetBlockchain).Methods("GET")
	muxRouter.HandleFunc("/", handleWriteBlock).Methods("POST")
	return muxRouter
}

// write blockchain when we receive an http request
func handleGetBlockchain(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
	bytes, err := json.MarshalIndent(Blockchain, "", "  ")
	if err != nil {
		http.Error(w, err.Error(), http.StatusInternalServerError)
		return
	}
	io.WriteString(w, string(bytes))
}

// takes JSON payload as an input for heart rate (BPM)
func handleWriteBlock(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
	w.Header().Set("Content-Type", "application/json")
	var m Message

	decoder := json.NewDecoder(r.Body)
	if err := decoder.Decode(&m); err != nil {
		respondWithJSON(w, r, http.StatusBadRequest, r.Body)
		return
	}
	defer r.Body.Close()

	//ensure atomicity when creating new block
	mutex.Lock()
	newBlock := generateBlock(Blockchain[len(Blockchain)-1], m.BPM)
	mutex.Unlock()

	if isBlockValid(newBlock, Blockchain[len(Blockchain)-1]) {
		Blockchain = append(Blockchain, newBlock)
		spew.Dump(Blockchain)
	}

	respondWithJSON(w, r, http.StatusCreated, newBlock)

}

func respondWithJSON(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request, code int, payload interface{}) {
	w.Header().Set("Content-Type", "application/json")
	response, err := json.MarshalIndent(payload, "", "  ")
	if err != nil {
		w.WriteHeader(http.StatusInternalServerError)
		w.Write([]byte("HTTP 500: Internal Server Error"))
		return
	}
	w.WriteHeader(code)
	w.Write(response)
}

// make sure block is valid by checking index, and comparing the hash of the previous block
func isBlockValid(newBlock, oldBlock Block) bool {
	if oldBlock.Index+1 != newBlock.Index {
		return false
	}

	if oldBlock.Hash != newBlock.PrevHash {
		return false
	}

	if calculateHash(newBlock) != newBlock.Hash {
		return false
	}

	return true
}

// SHA256 hasing
func calculateHash(block Block) string {
	record := strconv.Itoa(block.Index) + block.Timestamp + strconv.Itoa(block.BPM) + block.PrevHash + block.Nonce
	h := sha256.New()
	h.Write([]byte(record))
	hashed := h.Sum(nil)
	return hex.EncodeToString(hashed)
}

// create a new block using previous block's hash
func generateBlock(oldBlock Block, BPM int) Block {
	var newBlock Block

	t := time.Now()

	newBlock.Index = oldBlock.Index + 1
	newBlock.Timestamp = t.String()
	newBlock.BPM = BPM
	newBlock.PrevHash = oldBlock.Hash
	newBlock.Difficulty = difficulty

	// 挖礦：在區塊中加入一個變數i，使用sha256計算對應的哈希值，符合條件就算挖到礦(哈希前面有連續difficulty個0)
	for i := 0; ; i++ {
		hex := fmt.Sprintf("%x", i)
		newBlock.Nonce = hex
		if !isHashValid(calculateHash(newBlock), newBlock.Difficulty) {
			fmt.Println(calculateHash(newBlock), " do more work!")
			time.Sleep(time.Second)
			continue
		} else {
			fmt.Println(calculateHash(newBlock), " work done!")
			newBlock.Hash = calculateHash(newBlock)
			break
		}

	}
	return newBlock
}

func isHashValid(hash string, difficulty int) bool {
	prefix := strings.Repeat("0", difficulty)
	return strings.HasPrefix(hash, prefix)
}

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