1、證明:由理想點源天線構成的一維線性均勻陣列天線(如圖所示),掃描角度為 θ \theta θ,為保證天線方向圖不出現柵瓣,陣元之間的距離 D D D必須小于 λ 1 + ∣ sin ? θ ∣ \frac{\lambda}{1+|\sin\theta|} 1+∣sinθ∣λ?,


設相鄰陣元的總相位差為:
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u=k\triangledown r+\psi=kd\sin\theta+\psi
u=k▽r+ψ=kdsinθ+ψ,
ψ
\psi
ψ為相鄰單元的饋電相位差
則陣列天線的總輻射電場為:
E ( θ ) = ∑ n = 1 N e j ( n ? 1 ) ( k d sin ? θ + ψ ) = 1 + e j ( k d sin ? θ + ψ ) + ? + e j ( N ? 1 ) ( k d sin ? θ + ψ ) = 1 ? e j N ( k d sin ? θ + ψ ) 1 ? e j ( k d sin ? θ + ψ ) = 1 ? cos ? ( N ( k d sin ? θ + ψ ) ) ? j sin ? ( N ( k d sin ? θ + ψ ) ) 1 ? cos ? ( k d sin ? θ + ψ ) ? j sin ? ( k d sin ? θ + ψ ) ∣ E ( θ ) ∣ = [ 1 ? cos ? ( N ( k d sin ? θ + ψ ) ) ] 2 + [ sin ? ( N ( k d sin ? θ + ψ ) ) ] 2 [ 1 ? cos ? ( k d sin ? θ + ψ ) ] 2 + [ sin ? ( k d sin ? θ + ψ ) ] 2 = 1 ? cos ? ( N ( k d sin ? θ + ψ ) ) 1 ? cos ? ( k d sin ? θ + ψ ) = ∣ sin ? ( N ( k d sin ? θ + ψ ) / 2 ) sin ? ( ( k d sin ? θ + ψ ) / 2 ) ∣ \begin{aligned} E(\theta)&=\sum_{n=1}^{N}e^{j(n-1)(kd\sin\theta+\psi)}\\&= 1+e^{j(kd\sin\theta+\psi)}+\cdots+e^{j(N-1)(kd\sin\theta+\psi)}\\&= \frac{1-e^{jN(kd\sin\theta+\psi)}}{1-e^{j(kd\sin\theta+\psi)}}\\&= \frac{1-\cos(N(kd\sin\theta+\psi))-j\sin(N(kd\sin\theta+\psi))}{1-\cos(kd\sin\theta+\psi)-j\sin(kd\sin\theta+\psi)}\\ |E(\theta)|&=\sqrt{\frac{[1-\cos(N(kd\sin\theta+\psi))]^2+[\sin(N(kd\sin\theta+\psi))]^2}{[1-\cos(kd\sin\theta+\psi)]^2+[\sin(kd\sin\theta+\psi)]^2}}\\&= \sqrt{\frac{1-\cos(N(kd\sin\theta+\psi))}{1-\cos(kd\sin\theta+\psi)}}\\&= |\frac{\sin(N(kd\sin\theta+\psi)/2)}{\sin((kd\sin\theta+\psi)/2)}| \end{aligned} E(θ)∣E(θ)∣?=n=1∑N?ej(n?1)(kdsinθ+ψ)=1+ej(kdsinθ+ψ)+?+ej(N?1)(kdsinθ+ψ)=1?ej(kdsinθ+ψ)1?ejN(kdsinθ+ψ)?=1?cos(kdsinθ+ψ)?jsin(kdsinθ+ψ)1?cos(N(kdsinθ+ψ))?jsin(N(kdsinθ+ψ))?=[1?cos(kdsinθ+ψ)]2+[sin(kdsinθ+ψ)]2[1?cos(N(kdsinθ+ψ))]2+[sin(N(kdsinθ+ψ))]2? ?=1?cos(kdsinθ+ψ)1?cos(N(kdsinθ+ψ))? ?=∣sin((kdsinθ+ψ)/2)sin(N(kdsinθ+ψ)/2)?∣?
則歸一化的方向函式為:
F ( θ ) = ∣ E ( θ ) ∣ ∣ E ( θ ) M ∣ = ∣ 1 N sin ? ( N ( k d sin ? θ + ψ ) / 2 ) sin ? ( ( k d sin ? θ + ψ ) / 2 ) ∣ F(\theta)=\frac{|E(\theta)|}{|E(\theta)_M|}=|\frac{1}{N}\frac{\sin(N(kd\sin\theta+\psi)/2)}{\sin((kd\sin\theta+\psi)/2)}| F(θ)=∣E(θ)M?∣∣E(θ)∣?=∣N1?sin((kdsinθ+ψ)/2)sin(N(kdsinθ+ψ)/2)?∣
當 ψ = 0 \psi=0 ψ=0,即當各陣元等幅同相饋電時,由歸一化的方向函式可知:
θ = 0 \theta=0 θ=0, F ( θ ) = 1 F(\theta)=1 F(θ)=1,即方向圖最大方向在陣列法向方向上,
當 ψ =? 0 \psi\not=0 ψ?=0時,則方向圖最大值方向就要進行偏移,偏移角 θ 0 \theta_0 θ0?由移相器的相移量 ψ \psi ψ決定:
改變 ψ \psi ψ,就可以改變波束指向角 θ 0 \theta_0 θ0?,從而形成波束掃描,
ψ = k d sin ? θ 0 \psi=kd\sin\theta_0 ψ=kdsinθ0?
要使天線方向圖不出現柵瓣:
( k d sin ? θ + ψ ) / 2 < π (kd\sin\theta+\psi)/2<\pi (kdsinθ+ψ)/2<π
k d ( sin ? θ + sin ? θ 0 ) < 2 π kd(\sin\theta+\sin\theta_0)<2\pi kd(sinθ+sinθ0?)<2π
2 π λ d ( sin ? θ + sin ? θ 0 ) < 2 π \frac{2\pi}{\lambda}d(\sin\theta+\sin\theta_0)<2\pi λ2π?d(sinθ+sinθ0?)<2π
d < λ 1 + ∣ sin ? θ 0 ∣ d<\frac{\lambda}{1+|\sin\theta_0|} d<1+∣sinθ0?∣λ?
證畢,
2、證明拋物反射面天線由焦點發出的電磁波,經反射面任意點反射后,傳播方向與拋物面天線的口面垂直,

構成拋物反射面的拋物線方程:
z = x 2 + y 2 4 f (2-1) \begin{aligned} z=\frac{x^2+y^2}{4f} \end{aligned}\tag{2-1} z=4fx2+y2??(2-1)
如果我們單獨研究其中的一條拋物線:
z = x 2 4 f (2-2) \begin{aligned} z=\frac{x^2}{4f} \end{aligned}\tag{2-2} z=4fx2??(2-2)
設點 M M M為這條拋物線上的一個動點,則點 M M M的坐標為: M ( x , z ) M(x,z) M(x,z),且點 M M M滿足式2-2,
以焦點 F F F為原點建立極坐標系,則有:
{ x = r sin ? θ z = f ? r cos ? θ (2-3) \begin{aligned} \left \{ \begin{matrix} x&=&r\sin\theta\\ z&=&f-r\cos\theta \end{matrix} \right. \end{aligned}\tag{2-3} {xz?==?rsinθf?rcosθ??(2-3)
聯立式2-2和式2-3,得:
f + z = r (2-4) \begin{aligned} f+z=r \end{aligned}\tag{2-4} f+z=r?(2-4)
r = f + z = 2 f ? r cos ? θ (2-5) \begin{aligned} r=f+z=2f-r\cos\theta \end{aligned}\tag{2-5} r=f+z=2f?rcosθ?(2-5)
r = 2 f 1 + cos ? θ = f cos ? 2 θ 2 (2-6) \begin{aligned} r=\frac{2f}{1+\cos\theta}=\frac{f}{\cos^2\frac{\theta}{2}} \end{aligned}\tag{2-6} r=1+cosθ2f?=cos22θ?f??(2-6)
則在極坐標系下,式2-2的拋物線方程變為:
f = r cos ? 2 θ 2 (2-7) \begin{aligned} f=r\cos^2\frac{\theta}{2} \end{aligned}\tag{2-7} f=rcos22θ??(2-7)
對式2–7取梯度,歸一化后得到拋物線的單位法向向量:
▽ ( f ? r cos ? 2 θ 2 ) = e r ? ? ? r ( f ? r cos ? 2 θ 2 ) + e θ ? 1 r ? ? θ ( f ? r cos ? 2 θ 2 ) = ? e r ? cos ? 2 θ 2 + e θ ? cos ? θ 2 sin ? θ 2 (2-8) \begin{aligned} \triangledown(f-r\cos^2\frac{\theta}{2})&=\vec{e_{r}}\frac{\partial}{\partial r}(f-r\cos^2\frac{\theta}{2})+\vec{e_{\theta}}\frac{1}{r}\frac{\partial}{\partial\theta}(f-r\cos^2\frac{\theta}{2})\\&= -\vec{e_{r}}\cos^2\frac{\theta}{2}+\vec{e_{\theta}}\cos\frac{\theta}{2}\sin\frac{\theta}{2} \end{aligned}\tag{2-8} ▽(f?rcos22θ?)?=er? ??r??(f?rcos22θ?)+eθ? ?r1??θ??(f?rcos22θ?)=?er? ?cos22θ?+eθ? ?cos2θ?sin2θ??(2-8)
n ? = ? e r ? cos ? θ 2 + e θ ? sin ? θ 2 (2-9) \begin{aligned} \vec{n}=-\vec{e_{r}}\cos\frac{\theta}{2}+\vec{e_{\theta}}\sin\frac{\theta}{2} \end{aligned}\tag{2-9} n =?er? ?cos2θ?+eθ? ?sin2θ??(2-9)
cos ? α = ? e r ? ? n ? = cos ? θ 2 (2-10) \begin{aligned} \cos\alpha=-\vec{e_{r}}\cdot\vec{n}=\cos\frac{\theta}{2} \end{aligned}\tag{2-10} cosα=?er? ??n =cos2θ??(2-10)
cos ? β = z ? ? n ? = ( ? e r ? cos ? θ + e θ ? sin ? θ ) ? n ? = cos ? θ 2 (2-11) \begin{aligned} \cos\beta=\vec{z}\cdot\vec{n}=(-\vec{e_{r}}\cos\theta+\vec{e_{\theta}}\sin\theta)\cdot\vec{n}=\cos\frac{\theta}{2} \end{aligned}\tag{2-11} cosβ=z ?n =(?er? ?cosθ+eθ? ?sinθ)?n =cos2θ??(2-11)
根據式2-10和式2-11,可知:
α = β = θ 2 \alpha=\beta=\frac{\theta}{2} α=β=2θ?
α + β = θ \alpha+\beta=\theta α+β=θ
即電磁波經拋物線任意點反射后,傳播方向與 z z z軸平行,
拓展到任一拋物線,即得:
拋物反射面天線由焦點發出的電磁波,經反射面任意點反射后,傳播方向與拋物面天線的口面垂直,
證畢,
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