rpm可以實作程式的快速，簡單安裝（跟編譯安裝比），但是rpm自己不能解決依賴，所以很多工具為了自動解決依賴應運而生，其中yum就是其中之一，
yum解決依賴的辦法：
-
必須有個檔案服務器，里面放置所以的rpm包，以及包的相關元資料（-qi，-qR得到的資料），元資料可以使用
createrepo來創建，并放置在repodata目錄下，這個檔案服務器可以使用ftp，http，nfs協議來傳輸資料，也可以使用file:///（本地服務），
-
客戶端使用yum程式，安裝程式包，安裝時，查詢檔案服務器，自己從檔案服務器找依賴，并安裝，
yum是一個程式，查看本機是否安裝了yum：
# rpm -q yum
yum-3.4.3-161.el7.centos.noarch
查看yum程式所使用的組態檔：
/etc/yum.conf是主組態檔，它里面參考了目錄/etc/yum.repos.d/，所以/etc/yum.repos.d/目錄下的*.repo也是yum的組態檔.它提供了所以倉庫的公共配置，
實作了把組態檔分割成了許多獨立的小的組態檔，
/etc/yum.repos.d/目錄下的*.repo:為倉庫的指向提供配置資訊，
# rpm -qc yum
/etc/logrotate.d/yum#log用
/etc/yum.conf
/etc/yum/version-groups.conf#版本控制
/etc/yum.conf內容：
[main]
cachedir=/var/cache/yum/$basearch/$releasever
keepcache=0
debuglevel=2
logfile=/var/log/yum.log
exactarch=1
obsoletes=1
gpgcheck=1
plugins=1
installonly_limit=5
bugtracker_url=http://bugs.centos.org/set_project.php?project_id=23&ref=http://bugs.centos.org/bug_report_page.php?category=yum
distroverpkg=centos-release
# This is the default, if you make this bigger yum won't see if the metadata
# is newer on the remote and so you'll "gain" the bandwidth of not having to
# download the new metadata and "pay" for it by yum not having correct
# information.
# It is esp. important, to have correct metadata, for distributions like
# Fedora which don't keep old packages around. If you don't like this checking
# interupting your command line usage, it's much better to have something
# manually check the metadata once an hour (yum-updatesd will do this).
# metadata_expire=90m
# PUT YOUR REPOS HERE OR IN separate files named file.repo
# in /etc/yum.repos.d
[main]：主配置，相當于程式的指向入口
cachedir：快取路徑
keepcache：是否保持快取
debuglevel：除錯級別
logfile：日志檔案
exactarch：是否做精確匹配，如果OS是centos7，當找到的rpm包，既有centos6的也有centos7的，如果此處的值是1，則選擇centos7的，
gpgcheck：安裝時，是否檢查完整性和來源合法性，1則檢查
plugins：yum是否支持插件，1則支持
使用whatis查看是否有man幫助，
# whatis yum.conf
yum.conf (5) - Configuration file for yum(8).
使用：man 5 yum.conf可以得到詳細的yum.conf組態檔的詳細幫助，
倉庫指向的定義
-
[repositoryid]：倉庫的id
-
name=倉庫的名字
-
baseurl=url://path/to/repository/：倉庫在哪里，地址可以有多個，那么選哪個呢？根據failovermethod選，
baseurl=url://server1/path/to/repository/
? url://server2/path/to/repository/
url://server3/path/to/repository/
- failovermethod={roundrobin|priority}，默認為roundrobin，意味隨機選一個url
- gpgcheck={1|0}：1則檢查，默認是1.
- enabled={1|0}：是否使用此repo
- gpgkey=URL：公鑰
- enablegroups={1|0}：1則使用組功能，默認是1.
- const=默認是1000.有多個符合就選cost小的，
centos7下/etc/yum.repos.d/下的repo組態檔有幾個，只有CentOS-Base.repo檔案里repo的enabled是1，也就是可以使用狀態，其余的組態檔里的repo的enabled都是0.
# ls /etc/yum.repos.d/
CentOS-Base.repo CentOS-CR.repo CentOS-fasttrack.repo CentOS-Sources.repo
CentOS-Base.repo_20191129 CentOS-Debuginfo.repo CentOS-Media.repo CentOS-Vault.repo
查看組態檔：/etc/yum.repos.d/CentOS-Base.repo的內容，
[base]
name=CentOS-$releasever - Base
baseurl=https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/centos/$releasever/os/$basearch/
#mirrorlist=http://mirrorlist.centos.org/?release=$releasever&arch=$basearch&repo=os
gpgcheck=1
gpgkey=file:///etc/pki/rpm-gpg/RPM-GPG-KEY-CentOS-7
#released updates
[updates]
name=CentOS-$releasever - Updates
baseurl=https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/centos/$releasever/updates/$basearch/
#mirrorlist=http://mirrorlist.centos.org/?release=$releasever&arch=$basearch&repo=updates
gpgcheck=1
gpgkey=file:///etc/pki/rpm-gpg/RPM-GPG-KEY-CentOS-7
#additional packages that may be useful
[extras]
name=CentOS-$releasever - Extras
baseurl=https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/centos/$releasever/extras/$basearch/
#mirrorlist=http://mirrorlist.centos.org/?release=$releasever&arch=$basearch&repo=extras
gpgcheck=1
gpgkey=file:///etc/pki/rpm-gpg/RPM-GPG-KEY-CentOS-7
#additional packages that extend functionality of existing packages
[centosplus]
name=CentOS-$releasever - Plus
baseurl=https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/centos/$releasever/centosplus/$basearch/
#mirrorlist=http://mirrorlist.centos.org/?release=$releasever&arch=$basearch&repo=centosplus
gpgcheck=1
enabled=0
gpgkey=file:///etc/pki/rpm-gpg/RPM-GPG-KEY-CentOS-7
指定baseurl的技巧：指到repodata所在的網頁的URL，
上面的updates的baseurl的值就是下圖的網頁地址欄的URL，理由是repodata在這里，
查看repo list:
# yum repolist
Loaded plugins: fastestmirror, langpacks
Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfile
repo id repo name status
!base/7/x86_64 CentOS-7 - Base 10,097
!extras/7/x86_64 CentOS-7 - Extras 323
!updates/7/x86_64 CentOS-7 - Updates 1,446
repolist: 11,866
repo id：
repo name：是組態檔/etc/yum.repos.d/CentOS-Base.repo里的name的值
status：這個repo里的rmp包的數量，
yum命令介紹
yum [options][command] [package ...]
-
顯示repo（倉庫）串列（list）：repolist [all|enabled|disabled]
- all：顯示全部
- enabled：顯示可用的，默認值，就是本地repo組態檔里enabled=1的repo會顯示出來，
- disabled：顯示不可用的，就是本地repo組態檔里enabled=0的repo會顯示出來，
# yum repolist all # yum repolist enabled # yum repolist disabled -
顯示指定repo里有哪些rpm包：
yum list [all | glob_exp1] [glob_exp2] [...]顯示所有的包：
# yum list可以使用glob_exp，
顯示內容的第三列：repo組態檔中的repoid
# yum list php* Loaded plugins: fastestmirror, langpacks Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfile Available Packages php.x86_64 5.4.16-46.1.el7_7 updates php-bcmath.x86_64 5.4.16-46.1.el7_7 updates php-pear.noarch 1:1.9.4-21.el7 base php-pecl-memcache.x86_64 3.0.8-4.el7 base顯示repo中還未安裝的包：
yum list available [glob_exp1][...]# yum list available顯示repo中的可以升級的包：
yum list updates [glob_exp1][...]# yum list updates顯示已經安裝的包：
yum list installed [glob_exp1][...]- @anaconda：安裝系統時，安裝的包，
- installed：后來自己安裝的，
# yum list installed zlib.x86_64 1.2.7-18.el7 @anaconda zsh.x86_64 5.0.2-33.el7 installed顯示已經安裝了的extra repo中的包：
yum list extras [glob_exp1][...]# yum list extras顯示已經安裝的包，哪些已經廢棄了：
yum list distro-extras [glob_exp1][...]# yum list distro-extras -
安裝包：
yum install package1 [package2如果repo里有多個版本，可以指定版本，例如：
yum install gcc-4.8.5也可以不指定版本,則安裝最新版：
yum install gcc -
升級包：
yum update [package1][package2] [...]# yum update gcc Loaded plugins: fastestmirror, langpacks Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfile No packages marked for update -
降級：
downgrade package1 [package2][...]類似：
rpm -Uvh --oldpackage -
重新覆寫安裝：
reinstall package1 [package2][...]類似：
rpm -ivh --replacepkgs -
檢查有哪些包可以升級：
yum check-update -
卸載包：
yum remove | erase package1 [package2][...]當卸載的包，被別的包依賴時，別的包也一并被卸載
卸載cpp：由于gcc依賴于cpp，所有如果卸載cpp，則gcc也會被卸載，
-
查看包的資訊：
yum info [glob_exp1][...]類似rpm -qi
# yum info gcc Loaded plugins: fastestmirror, langpacks Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfile Installed Packages Name : gcc Arch : x86_64 Version : 4.8.5 Release : 39.el7 Size : 37 M Repo : installed From repo : base Summary : Various compilers (C, C++, Objective-C, Java, ...) URL : http://gcc.gnu.org License : GPLv3+ and GPLv3+ with exceptions and GPLv2+ with exceptions and LGPLv2+ and BSD Description : The gcc package contains the GNU Compiler Collection version 4.8. : You'll need this package in order to compile C code -
查看程式或檔案是有哪個包提供的：
yum provides | whatprovides feature1 [feature2類似rpm -qf file
# yum provides /usr/bin/gcc Loaded plugins: fastestmirror, langpacks Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfile gcc-4.8.5-39.el7.x86_64 : Various compilers (C, C++, Objective-C, Java, ...) Repo : base Matched from: Filename : /usr/bin/gcc gcc-4.8.5-39.el7.x86_64 : Various compilers (C, C++, Objective-C, Java, ...) Repo : @base Matched from: Filename : /usr/bin/gcc -
清除元資料檔案在本地的快取：
clean [ packages | metadata | expire-cache | rpmdb | plugins | all ]yum按檔案時，會把程式包和元資料檔案快取在本地，當安裝結束，yum會洗掉程式包檔案，但是不會洗掉 元資料檔案，
-
構建快取：
yum makecache [fast] -
用關鍵字搜索資訊：
yum search string1 [string2][...]從包名和包的summary里搜索指定的關鍵字，
# yum search bash Loaded plugins: fastestmirror, langpacks Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfile ====================================================== N/S matched: bash ======================================================= bash-completion.noarch : Programmable completion for Bash bash-doc.x86_64 : Documentation files for bash libguestfs-bash-completion.noarch : Bash tab-completion scripts for libguestfs tools libvirt-bash-completion.x86_64 : Bash completion script pcp-pmda-bash.x86_64 : Performance Co-Pilot (PCP) metrics for the Bash shell bash.x86_64 : The GNU Bourne Again shell Name and summary matches only, use "search all" for everything. -
顯示某個包所依賴的包：
deplist package1 [package2][...]# yum deplist gcc Loaded plugins: fastestmirror, langpacks Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfile package: gcc.x86_64 4.8.5-39.el7 dependency: /bin/sh provider: bash.x86_64 4.2.46-33.el7 dependency: /sbin/install-info provider: info.x86_64 5.1-5.el7 ... -
查看yum的安裝，更新，卸載的歷史：
yum history不帶引數則是history listhistory [info|list|packages-list|packages-info|summary|addon-info|redo|undo|rollback|new|sync|stats]# yum history Loaded plugins: fastestmirror, langpacks ID | Login user | Date and time | Action(s) | Altered ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 5 | root <root> | 2020-02-15 23:00 | Install | 2 4 | root <root> | 2020-02-15 22:59 | Erase | 8 3 | root <root> | 2020-02-15 22:48 | Update | 11 < 2 | ys <ys> | 2019-11-29 17:38 | Install | 8 > 1 | System <unset> | 2019-11-29 16:44 | Install | 1458 history list上面是匯總的資訊，如果想看id為5的詳細資訊，也就是id為5的安裝了哪些包，則使用：
# yum history info 5 Loaded plugins: fastestmirror, langpacks Transaction ID : 5 Begin time : Sat Feb 15 23:00:14 2020 Begin rpmdb : 1459:fe9d7def2a5edd098cfe39ebe0732b67038170b5 End time : 23:00:19 2020 (5 seconds) End rpmdb : 1461:ed3657ce694e0e90ea8bf62a092f06422c81ac28 User : root <root> Return-Code : Success Command Line : install gcc Transaction performed with: Installed rpm-4.11.3-35.el7.x86_64 @anaconda Installed yum-3.4.3-161.el7.centos.noarch @anaconda Installed yum-plugin-fastestmirror-1.1.31-50.el7.noarch @anaconda Packages Altered: Dep-Install cpp-4.8.5-39.el7.x86_64 @base Install gcc-4.8.5-39.el7.x86_64 @base history info查看yumdb大小：
# yum history stats Loaded plugins: fastestmirror, langpacks File : //var/lib/yum/history/history-2020-02-16.sqlite Size : 23,552 Transactions: 0 history stats -
本地安裝/升級：想安裝的包在yum repo中沒有，可以下載一個rpm包安裝，但為什么不用rpm呢，因為rpm不能解決依賴，而yum可以，所以即使是本地的rpm包，也可以使用yum安裝，但是引數是rpm檔案名，
localinstall/localupdate是為了兼容以前的版本，應該使用intall/update 引數是rpm檔案名，
localinstall rpmfile1 [rpmfile2][...]
? (maintained for legacy reasons only - use install)
localupdate rpmfile1 [rpmfile2][...]
? (maintained for legacy reasons only - use update)
-
組安裝/更新/卸載/查看
-
查看有哪些組可供安裝：
# yum groups list Loaded plugins: fastestmirror, langpacks Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfile Available Environment Groups: Minimal Install Compute Node Infrastructure Server File and Print Server Basic Web Server Virtualization Host Server with GUI GNOME Desktop KDE Plasma Workspaces Development and Creative Workstation Installed Groups: Development Tools Available Groups: Compatibility Libraries Console Internet Tools Graphical Administration Tools Legacy UNIX Compatibility Scientific Support Security Tools Smart Card Support System Administration Tools System Management Done -
查看某個組里有哪些包：
# yum groups info Development\ Tools Loaded plugins: fastestmirror, langpacks Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfile Group: Development Tools Group-Id: development Description: A basic development environment. Mandatory Packages: gcc =gcc-c++ gettext =libtool make Default Packages: byacc =gcc-gfortran swig =systemtap Optional Packages: ElectricFence ant babel bzrMandatory Packages：必須安裝的包
Default Packages:默認安裝的包
Optional Packages:可選安裝的包
-
安裝：
# yum groups install "Development Tools" -
更新：
# yum groups update "Development Tools" Loaded plugins: fastestmirror, langpacks Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfile Maybe run: yum groups mark install (see man yum) No packages in any requested group available to install or updates -
洗掉：
# yum groups remove Development\ Tools
-
拿光碟作為repo
1，先掛載centos系統安裝盤到/media目錄，
2，創建檔案local.repo
[base]
name=local repo centos
baseurl=file:///media/
enabled=1
gpgcheck=0
3，然后就可以正常使用yum命令了，
yum 常用的命令列選項
- 禁止進行gpg check：--nogpgcheck
- 自動回答yes：-y
- 不輸出安裝資訊：-q
- 禁用指定的repo（可以使用glob匹配）：--disablerepo=repoid(glob)
- 啟用指定的repo（可以使用glob匹配）：--enablerepo=repoid(glob)
- 禁用所有插件：--noplugins
yum的repo組態檔中可用的變數
-
$releasever：當前OS的發行版的主版本號，centos7的話，此變數的值就是7
-
$arch：架構，比如i386，i486等
-
$basearch：基礎架構，如果是ix86架構的話，則此變數的值為i386
-
$YUM0-$YUM9：自定義變數
-
使用變數的例子：
name=CentOS-$releasever - Updates baseurl=https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/centos/$releasever/updates/$basearch/
自己創建yum repo:createrepo [options] <directory>
使用createrepo很簡單，只需要指定rpm包所在的目錄，
就會做成目錄：repodata
# pwd
/tmp/repos
# createrepo ./
Spawning worker 0 with 19 pkgs
Workers Finished
Saving Primary metadata
Saving file lists metadata
Saving other metadata
Generating sqlite DBs
Sqlite DBs complete
# ls -d repodata/
repodata/
repodata目錄的檔案構成：
# ll repodata/
total 52
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 12690 Feb 16 11:24 7150dafd709770a783ea087b2ff869aaecfb007b0fcce6f544924c4c1e1e4405-primary.sqlite.bz2
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 4184 Feb 16 11:24 7f43292a24f471448badbf18db488dbe52efc22237170ad2f6fc7aa36ac45a0e-primary.xml.gz
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 2686 Feb 16 11:24 8351058925b5438dbe9abd2c246c64f3eafcc741f644ef268ac8747a82bc48ab-filelists.xml.gz
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 2655 Feb 16 11:24 a5b6ce405bfa9814e77ab3159b77aa4a2c55ac445a5244ff449b1125badc2a9b-other.xml.gz
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 5918 Feb 16 11:24 c58fa90f9a3825f07092ff63f524a86183a0e9f99e19d3a84b785cef2edf93f8-other.sqlite.bz2
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 5423 Feb 16 11:24 fa9fbb57fe96cf749733a6232b4860f70c7abd60b7b0c72f9486771f63f9a4ec-filelists.sqlite.bz2
-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 2976 Feb 16 11:24 repomd.xml
創建repo組態檔：
[local2]
name=your repo centos
baseurl=file:///tmp/repos
enabled=1
gpgcheck=0
驗證：repoid:local2已經可以使用了
# yum repolist local2
Loaded plugins: fastestmirror, langpacks
Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfile
repo id repo name status
local2 your repo centos 19
repolist: 19
cento下的開發包組：
- Development Tools：要想自己編譯原始碼，必須安裝此包組，
- Server Platform Development
- Desktop Platform Development（圖形界面的）
編譯原始碼安裝：
1，configure腳本使用和作用
作用：指定安裝到哪，啟用哪些特性
使用：每個源代碼的configure的用法可能都不一樣，所有使用前，用：configure --help查看都支持哪些選項，
選項分類：
-
安裝路徑設定：
--prefix=/path/to/somewhere：指定安裝路徑（方便以后卸載，直接把目錄洗掉），不指定可能安裝到了/usr/local
--sysconfdir=/path/to/somewhere：指定組態檔放到哪里
-
交叉編譯設定：
--build=BUILD configure for building on BUILD [guessed]
--host=HOST：編譯后運行的目標架構，cross-compile to build programs to run on HOST [BUILD]
--target=TARGET configure for building compilers for TARGET [HOST]
-
安裝特性設定：
--disable-FEATURE
--enable-FEATURE[=ARG]
-
設定安裝時依賴哪些包，不依賴哪些包
--with-PACKAGE[=ARG]：ARG為路徑資訊等，
--without-PACKAGE
原始碼安裝結束后的配置
1，把可執行程式目錄添加到PATH環境變數
新建檔案：/etc/profile.d/NAME.sh
添加 export PATH=/PATH/TO/BIN:$PATH
2，添加庫檔案路徑
新建檔案：/etc/ld.so.conf.d/name.conf
添加：/PATH/TO/lib
3，讓系統找到頭檔案
創建頭檔案的符號鏈接：`ln -s /PATH/TO/include /usr/include/
4，匯出幫助手冊
編輯/etc/man_db.conf，添加：
#MANDATORY_MANPATH /usr/src/pvm3/man
#
MANDATORY_MANPATH /usr/man
MANDATORY_MANPATH /usr/share/man
MANDATORY_MANPATH /usr/local/share/man
MANDATORY_MANPATH /PATH/TO/man
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