ROS2_Foxy學習(五)基礎編程_C++
- 1 workspace
- 1.1 作業空間及其層次
- 1.2 檢查依賴
- 1.3 編譯工具 colcon
- 2 撰寫 package
- 2.1 功能包創建
- 2.2 功能包編譯、設定環境變數、運行
- 3 撰寫 topic
- 3.1 發布 publisher
- 3.2 訂閱 subscriber
- 3.3 修改 package.xml / CMakeLists.txt
- 3.4 編譯、運行兩個節點
- 4 撰寫 service
- 4.1 服務器端 server
- 4.2 客戶端 client
- 4.3 修改 package.xml / CMakeLists.txt
- 4.4 編譯、運行兩個節點
- 5 自定義訊息 msg/srv
- 5.1 創建訊息功能包
- 5.2 測驗自定義訊息介面
- 5.3 應用自定義訊息介面
- 5.4 使用同一功能包的訊息介面
- 6 使用 parameter
- 6.1 引數的宣告與獲取
- 6.2 終端修改引數
- 6.3 launch檔案修改引數
- 附件1 訊息檔案應用
里面的例子參考 官方教程,然后附帶一些解釋和一些推薦的便于理解的文章,
1 workspace
1.1 作業空間及其層次
??空間的創建:ROS2與ROS1一樣,創建作業空間目錄,并在其中創建/src目錄,用于存放package功能包,
??層次的概念:ROS2增加了overlay和underlay的概念,用于在多個workspace同時作業時,處理各個workspace之間的層次問題,對于包名相同的package,上層workspace將覆寫(override)下層workspace中的同名package,
??層次的配置:層次是通過環境變數配置的先后決定的,ROS通過setup.bash設定環境變數,ROS2安裝路徑一般設定為最下層的作業空間,即
$ source /opt/ros/foxy/setup.bash
??運行新建workspace的package功能包,需要在對作業空間編譯后的新終端中配置如下
# 設定當前作業空間中功能包的相關環境變數
$ . install/local_setup.sh
# 設定當前作業空間中功能包的相關環境變數,同時設定該作業空間下其他底層作業空間的環境變數
$ . install/setup.sh # 就是說這一個捎帶著把ROS2安裝路徑的環境變數也設定了
1.2 檢查依賴
??編譯前,需要對功能包檢查依賴情況,
$ rosdep install -i --from-path src --rosdistro foxy -y
1.3 編譯工具 colcon
# 在workspace根目錄編譯工程
$ colcon build
# 有選擇地編譯包
$ colcon build --packages-select <package_name>
??有關編譯后面也會單列一小節~
2 撰寫 package
??每一個package都能實作一個相對完整的功能,
2.1 功能包創建
# 創建cmake功能包(在~/ws/src下)
$ ros2 pkg create --build-type ament_cmake <package_name>
# 創建cmake功能包(在~/ws/src下)
# --dependencies 引數會將后邊的依賴自動添加到package.xml和CMakeLists.txt中
$ ros2 pkg create --build-type ament_cmake <package_name> --dependencies <depend_name>
# 創建cmake功能包(在~/ws/src下)
# --node-name 引數將創建節點,但只能創建一個節點,注意引數位置
$ ros2 pkg create --build-type ament_cmake --node-name <node_name> <package_name>
# 例如(在~/ws/src下)
$ ros2 pkg create --build-type ament_cmake --node-name my_node my_package --dependencies rclcpp
# 將會在~/ws/src創建如下目錄
workspace_folder/
src/
my_package/
src/
my_node.cpp
include/
my_package/
CMakeLists.txt
package.xml
??package.xml:對功能包的描述,在自動創建后,需要手動修改功能包描述、功能包版本、功能包許可證資訊等,以“ _depend”結尾的標簽用來描述功能包依賴,在增加新的依賴時,需要添加到其中,方便查看,
<description>這里寫功能描述</description>
<maintainer email="這里寫郵箱地址">Your Name</maintainer>
<license>這里寫許可證</license>
??CMakeLists.txt:制定各檔案或包的編譯順序的檔案
2.2 功能包編譯、設定環境變數、運行
# 記得檢查依賴
$ rosdep install -i --from-path src --rosdistro foxy -y
# 編譯,見上一小節
$ colcon build
# 新終端設定環境變數
$ . install/setup.bash
# 運行包里的某個節點,運行多個節點、多個包,可使用launch檔案
$ ros2 run <package_name> <node_name>
3 撰寫 topic
新建作業空間,并新建話題功能包(這里包名是cpp_pubsub),
3.1 發布 publisher
在功能包的/src目錄下,撰寫話題發布節點,publisher_member_function.cpp
#include <chrono> //c++11日期和時間庫
#include <functional> //參見 注1
#include <memory> //c++記憶體管理庫,使用智能指標必須包含此頭檔案
#include <string>
#include "rclcpp/rclcpp.hpp" //ROS2,C++介面的頭檔案
#include "std_msgs/msg/string.hpp" //string型別的msg頭檔案
using namespace std::chrono_literals;
/* This example creates a subclass of Node and uses std::bind() to register a
* member function as a callback from the timer. */
//定義一個節點類的子類
class MinimalPublisher : public rclcpp::Node
{
public:
//建構式:初始化節點名 minimal_publisher,然后創建了一個publisher和定時器
MinimalPublisher(): Node("minimal_publisher"), count_(0)
{
//創建一個發布者,發布的話題名為topic,話題訊息是String,保存訊息的佇列長度是10
publisher_ = this->create_publisher<std_msgs::msg::String>("topic", 10);
//創建一個定時器,定時500ms,定時觸發回呼函式timer_callback,
//這里用到了<functional>的一個特性
timer_ = this->create_wall_timer(500ms, std::bind(&MinimalPublisher::timer_callback, this));
}
private:
//定時觸發回呼函式
void timer_callback()
{
//定義訊息
auto message = std_msgs::msg::String();
message.data = "Hello, world! " + std::to_string(count_++);
//列印日志
RCLCPP_INFO(this->get_logger(), "Publishing: '%s'", message.data.c_str());
//發布
publisher_->publish(message);
}
//定義定時器和發布者指標
rclcpp::TimerBase::SharedPtr timer_;
rclcpp::Publisher<std_msgs::msg::String>::SharedPtr publisher_;
size_t count_;
};
int main(int argc, char * argv[])
{
rclcpp::init(argc, argv);
rclcpp::spin(std::make_shared<MinimalPublisher>());
rclcpp::shutdown();
return 0;
}
注:
1、#include < functional > ,感興趣的讀者可以看下這篇博客,寫的蠻不錯的,
3.2 訂閱 subscriber
在功能包的/src目錄下,撰寫話題訂閱節點,subscriber_member_function.cpp
#include <memory>
#include "rclcpp/rclcpp.hpp"
#include "std_msgs/msg/string.hpp"
using std::placeholders::_1;
class MinimalSubscriber : public rclcpp::Node
{
public:
MinimalSubscriber() : Node("minimal_subscriber")
{
subscription_ = this->create_subscription<std_msgs::msg::String>(
"topic", 10, std::bind(&MinimalSubscriber::topic_callback, this, _1));
}
private:
void topic_callback(const std_msgs::msg::String::SharedPtr msg) const
{
RCLCPP_INFO(this->get_logger(), "I heard: '%s'", msg->data.c_str());
}
rclcpp::Subscription<std_msgs::msg::String>::SharedPtr subscription_;
};
int main(int argc, char * argv[])
{
rclcpp::init(argc, argv);
rclcpp::spin(std::make_shared<MinimalSubscriber>());
rclcpp::shutdown();
return 0;
}
3.3 修改 package.xml / CMakeLists.txt
??package.xml 添加如下依賴,如果創建包時,使用了–dependencies,則檔案內已有如下陳述句,
<depend>rclcpp</depend>
<depend>std_msgs</depend>
??CMakeLists.txt 添加如下編譯規則,如果創建包時,使用了–dependencies,則檔案內已有find_package相關的陳述句,
# 搜索依賴
find_package(rclcpp REQUIRED)
find_package(std_msgs REQUIRED)
# 創建可執行程式talker,后續引數是構成可執行檔案的所有源檔案
add_executable(talker src/publisher_member_function.cpp)
# 鏈接find_package()找到的包
ament_target_dependencies(talker rclcpp std_msgs)
add_executable(listener src/subscriber_member_function.cpp)
ament_target_dependencies(listener rclcpp std_msgs)
install(TARGETS
talker
listener
DESTINATION
lib/${PROJECT_NAME})
注:ament_target_dependencies,這篇文章解釋了與include_directories()和target_link_libraries()的區別與聯系,
3.4 編譯、運行兩個節點
# 在作業空間根目錄下,檢查依賴
$ rosdep install -i --from-path src --rosdistro foxy -y
# 編譯
$ colcon build
# 配置環境變數,然后運行
$ . install/setup.bash
$ ros2 run cpp_pubsub talker
# 打開另一個終端,配置環境變數,運行
$ . install/setup.bash
$ ros2 run cpp_pubsub listener
4 撰寫 service
新建作業空間,并新建服務功能包(這里包名是cpp_srvcli),
4.1 服務器端 server
在功能包的/src目錄下,創建服務器端節點,add_two_ints_server.cpp
#include "example_interfaces/srv/add_two_ints.hpp"
#include "rclcpp/rclcpp.hpp"
#include <memory>
void add(const std::shared_ptr<example_interfaces::srv::AddTwoInts::Request> request,
std::shared_ptr<example_interfaces::srv::AddTwoInts::Response> response)
{
response->sum = request->a + request->b;
RCLCPP_INFO(rclcpp::get_logger("rclcpp"), "Incoming request\na: %ld" " b: %ld",
request->a, request->b);
RCLCPP_INFO(rclcpp::get_logger("rclcpp"), "sending back response: [%ld]", (long int)response->sum);
}
int main(int argc, char **argv)
{
rclcpp::init(argc, argv);
//創建名為add_two_ints_server的節點
std::shared_ptr<rclcpp::Node> node = rclcpp::Node::make_shared("add_two_ints_server");
//創建名為add_two_ints的服務,系結回呼函式add
rclcpp::Service<example_interfaces::srv::AddTwoInts>::SharedPtr service =
node->create_service<example_interfaces::srv::AddTwoInts>("add_two_ints", &add);
RCLCPP_INFO(rclcpp::get_logger("rclcpp"), "Ready to add two ints.");
//入鎖,等待客戶端請求
rclcpp::spin(node);
rclcpp::shutdown();
}
4.2 客戶端 client
在功能包的/src目錄下,創建客戶端節點,add_two_ints_client.cpp
#include "rclcpp/rclcpp.hpp"
#include "example_interfaces/srv/add_two_ints.hpp"
#include <chrono>
#include <cstdlib>
#include <memory>
using namespace std::chrono_literals;
int main(int argc, char **argv)
{
rclcpp::init(argc, argv);
if (argc != 3)
{
RCLCPP_INFO(rclcpp::get_logger("rclcpp"), "usage: add_two_ints_client X Y");
return 1;
}
//創建名為add_two_ints_client的節點
std::shared_ptr<rclcpp::Node> node = rclcpp::Node::make_shared("add_two_ints_client");
//創建名為add_two_ints的客戶端
rclcpp::Client<example_interfaces::srv::AddTwoInts>::SharedPtr client =
node->create_client<example_interfaces::srv::AddTwoInts>("add_two_ints");
//采集request資料
auto request = std::make_shared<example_interfaces::srv::AddTwoInts::Request>();
request->a = atoll(argv[1]);
request->b = atoll(argv[2]);
//search for service
while (!client->wait_for_service(1s))
{
if (!rclcpp::ok())
{
RCLCPP_ERROR(rclcpp::get_logger("rclcpp"), "Interrupted while waiting for the service. Exiting.");
return 0;
}
RCLCPP_INFO(rclcpp::get_logger("rclcpp"), "service not available, waiting again...");
}
//發送request
auto result = client->async_send_request(request);
// Wait for the result.
if (rclcpp::spin_until_future_complete(node, result) == rclcpp::FutureReturnCode::SUCCESS)
{
RCLCPP_INFO(rclcpp::get_logger("rclcpp"), "Sum: %ld", result.get()->sum);
}
else
{
RCLCPP_ERROR(rclcpp::get_logger("rclcpp"), "Failed to call service add_two_ints");
}
rclcpp::shutdown();
return 0;
}
4.3 修改 package.xml / CMakeLists.txt
??package.xml 添加如下依賴,如果創建包時,使用了–dependencies,則檔案內已有如下陳述句,
<depend>rclcpp</depend>
<depend>example_interfaces</depend>
??CMakeLists.txt 添加如下編譯規則,如果創建包時,使用了–dependencies,則檔案內已有find_package相關的陳述句,
# 搜索依賴
find_package(rclcpp REQUIRED)
find_package(example_interfaces REQUIRED)
# 創建可執行程式server,后續引數是構成可執行檔案的所有源檔案
add_executable(server src/add_two_ints_server.cpp)
# 鏈接find_package()找到的包
ament_target_dependencies(server rclcpp example_interfaces)
add_executable(client src/add_two_ints_client.cpp)
ament_target_dependencies(client rclcpp example_interfaces)
install(TARGETS
server
client
DESTINATION lib/${PROJECT_NAME})
4.4 編譯、運行兩個節點
# 在作業空間根目錄下,檢查依賴
$ rosdep install -i --from-path src --rosdistro foxy -y
# 編譯
$ colcon build
# 配置環境變數,然后運行
$ . install/setup.bash
$ ros2 run cpp_srvcli server
# 打開另一個終端,配置環境變數,運行
$ . install/setup.bash
$ ros2 run cpp_srvcli client 2 3
5 自定義訊息 msg/srv
5.1 創建訊息功能包
1、新建作業空間,并新建訊息功能包(這里包名是tutorial_interfaces),在訊息功能包下,創建/msg和/srv檔案夾(與/src同級),并在其中分別建立.msg和.srv檔案,有關訊息內容,詳見本系列第三篇《ROS2_Foxy學習(三)核心概念》,
Num.msg
int64 num
AddThreeInts.srv
int64 a
int64 b
int64 c
---
int64 sum
2、在package.xml檔案中添加
<build_depend>rosidl_default_generators</build_depend>
<exec_depend>rosidl_default_runtime</exec_depend>
<member_of_group>rosidl_interface_packages</member_of_group>
注:rosidl_default_generators為編譯依賴,rosidl_default_runtime為運行依賴,
3、在CMakeLists.txt檔案中添加
find_package(rosidl_default_generators REQUIRED)
# You can use set to neatly list all of your interfaces:
set(msg_files
"msg/Num.msg"
"msg/Message1.msg"
"msg/Message2.msg"
# etc
)
set(srv_files
"srv/AddThreeInts.srv"
"srv/Service1.srv"
"srv/Service2.srv"
# etc
)
#And generate all lists at once like so:
rosidl_generate_interfaces(${PROJECT_NAME}
${msg_files}
${srv_files}
)
ament_export_dependencies(rosidl_default_runtime)
注:可以省略set的步驟,在rosidl_generate_interfaces直接添加,如下,但不建議,還是需要一個良好的編程習慣,
rosidl_generate_interfaces(${PROJECT_NAME}
"msg/Num.msg"
"srv/AddThreeInts.srv"
)
5.2 測驗自定義訊息介面
??功能包編譯后(沒有節點,沒有運行),可以通過命令ros2 interface show來查看訊息檔案,
5.3 應用自定義訊息介面
??在同一個作業空間下,除訊息功能包外,再創建兩個功能包,分別是話題功能包和服務功能包,參考3、4部分,
1、CMakeLists.txt和package.xml與第3、4部分基本一致,其中,需要將訊息依賴包(std_msgs和example_interfaces)替換成新建的訊息功能包名,如tutorial_interfaces,
2、各節點src檔案,需要將訊息型別進行替換,src檔案修改見附件1,
3、之后,編譯運行(查依賴、編譯包、配置環境、運行節點),
5.4 使用同一功能包的訊息介面
??若功能包需要使用自己定義的介面,需要在CMakeLists.txt中添加以下內容(In order to use the messages generated in the same package.),
rosidl_target_interfaces(publish_address_book
${PROJECT_NAME} "rosidl_typesupport_cpp")
注:publish_address_book是編譯生成的可執行程式名,
6 使用 parameter
新建作業空間,并新建引數功能包(這里包名是cpp_parameters),使用引數dependencies,自動添加依賴rclcpp,
6.1 引數的宣告與獲取
在功能包的/src目錄下,創建節點,cpp_parameters_node.cpp
#include <rclcpp/rclcpp.hpp>
#include <chrono>
#include <string>
#include <functional>
using namespace std::chrono_literals;
class ParametersClass: public rclcpp::Node
{
public:
ParametersClass() : Node("parameter_node")
{
//宣告:定義引數名及其值
this->declare_parameter<std::string>("my_parameter", "world");
//
timer_ = this->create_wall_timer(1000ms, std::bind(&ParametersClass::respond, this));
}
//獲取:定時列印引數值
void respond()
{
this->get_parameter("my_parameter", parameter_string_);
RCLCPP_INFO(this->get_logger(), "Hello %s", parameter_string_.c_str());
}
private:
std::string parameter_string_;
rclcpp::TimerBase::SharedPtr timer_;
};
int main(int argc, char** argv)
{
rclcpp::init(argc, argv);
rclcpp::spin(std::make_shared<ParametersClass>());
rclcpp::shutdown();
return 0;
}
修改CMakelists.txt,然后編譯運行,
add_executable(parameter_node src/cpp_parameters_node.cpp)
ament_target_dependencies(parameter_node rclcpp)
install(TARGETS
parameter_node
DESTINATION lib/${PROJECT_NAME}
)
6.2 終端修改引數
有關內容,詳見本系列第三篇《ROS2_Foxy學習(三)核心概念》
$ ros2 param list
$ ros2 param set <node_name> <parameter_name> <value>
6.3 launch檔案修改引數
在功能包的/launch目錄下,創建launch檔案,cpp_parameters_launch.py,修改parameters,
from launch import LaunchDescription
from launch_ros.actions import Node
def generate_launch_description():
return LaunchDescription([
Node(
package="cpp_parameters",
executable="parameter_node",
name="custom_parameter_node",
output="screen",
emulate_tty=True,
parameters=[
{"my_parameter": "earth"}
]
)
])
修改CMakelists.txt,在6.1部分中CMakelists.txt最后增加以下部分,
install(
DIRECTORY launch
DESTINATION share/${PROJECT_NAME}
)
編譯,然后運行launch檔案,
$ ros2 launch cpp_parameters cpp_parameters_launch.py
附件1 訊息檔案應用
1、話題功能包——訊息發布節點——publisher_member_function.cpp
#include <chrono>
#include <functional>
#include <memory>
#include <string>
#include "rclcpp/rclcpp.hpp"
#include "tutorial_interfaces/msg/num.hpp"
using namespace std::chrono_literals;
/* This example creates a subclass of Node and uses std::bind() to register a* member function as a callback from the timer. */
class MinimalPublisher : public rclcpp::Node
{
public:
MinimalPublisher(): Node("minimal_publisher"), count_(0)
{
publisher_ = this->create_publisher<tutorial_interfaces::msg::Num>("topic", 10); //10 是訊息佇列長度
timer_ = this->create_wall_timer(500ms,std::bind(&MinimalPublisher::timer_callback, this));
}
private:
void timer_callback()
{
auto message = tutorial_interfaces::msg::Num();
message.num = this->count_++;
RCLCPP_INFO(this->get_logger(), "Publishing: '%d'", message.num);
publisher_->publish(message);
}
rclcpp::TimerBase::SharedPtr timer_;
rclcpp::Publisher<tutorial_interfaces::msg::Num>::SharedPtr publisher_;
size_t count_;
};
int main(int argc, char * argv[])
{
rclcpp::init(argc, argv);
rclcpp::spin(std::make_shared<MinimalPublisher>());
rclcpp::shutdown();
return 0;
}
2、話題功能包——訊息訂閱節點——subscriber_member_function.cpp
#include <memory>
#include "rclcpp/rclcpp.hpp"
#include "tutorial_interfaces/msg/num.hpp"
using std::placeholders::_1;
class MinimalSubscriber : public rclcpp::Node
{
public:
MinimalSubscriber(): Node("minimal_subscriber")
{
subscription_ = this->create_subscription<tutorial_interfaces::msg::Num>("topic", 10, std::bind(&MinimalSubscriber::topic_callback, this, _1));
}
private:
void topic_callback(const tutorial_interfaces::msg::Num::SharedPtr msg) const
{
RCLCPP_INFO(this->get_logger(), "I heard: '%d'", msg->num);
}
rclcpp::Subscription<tutorial_interfaces::msg::Num>::SharedPtr subscription_;};
int main(int argc, char * argv[])
{
rclcpp::init(argc, argv);
rclcpp::spin(std::make_shared<MinimalSubscriber>());
rclcpp::shutdown();
return 0;
}
3、服務功能包——服務器端節點——add_three_ints_server.cpp
#include "tutorial_interfaces/srv/add_three_ints.hpp"
#include "rclcpp/rclcpp.hpp"
#include <memory>
void add(const std::shared_ptr<tutorial_interfaces::srv::AddThreeInts::Request> request,
std::shared_ptr<tutorial_interfaces::srv::AddThreeInts::Response> response)
{
response->sum = request->a + request->b + request->c;
RCLCPP_INFO(rclcpp::get_logger("rclcpp"), "Incoming request\na: %ld" " b: %ld" " c: %ld",
request->a, request->b, request->b);
RCLCPP_INFO(rclcpp::get_logger("rclcpp"), "sending back response: [%ld]", (long int)response->sum);
}
int main(int argc, char **argv)
{
rclcpp::init(argc, argv);
//創建名為add_two_ints_server的節點
std::shared_ptr<rclcpp::Node> node = rclcpp::Node::make_shared("add_three_ints_server");
//創建名為add_two_ints的服務,系結回呼函式add
rclcpp::Service<tutorial_interfaces::srv::AddThreeInts>::SharedPtr service =
node->create_service<tutorial_interfaces::srv::AddThreeInts>("add_three_ints", &add);
RCLCPP_INFO(rclcpp::get_logger("rclcpp"), "Ready to add three ints.");
//入鎖,等待客戶端請求
rclcpp::spin(node);
rclcpp::shutdown();
}
4、服務功能包——客戶端節點——add_three_ints_client.cpp
#include "rclcpp/rclcpp.hpp"
#include "tutorial_interfaces/srv/add_three_ints.hpp"
#include <chrono>
#include <cstdlib>
#include <memory>
using namespace std::chrono_literals;
int main(int argc, char **argv)
{
rclcpp::init(argc, argv);
if (argc != 4)
{
RCLCPP_INFO(rclcpp::get_logger("rclcpp"), "usage: add_two_ints_client X Y Z");
return 1;
}
//創建名為add_three_ints_client的節點
std::shared_ptr<rclcpp::Node> node = rclcpp::Node::make_shared("add_three_ints_client");
//創建名為add_three_ints的客戶端
rclcpp::Client<tutorial_interfaces::srv::AddThreeInts>::SharedPtr client =
node->create_client<tutorial_interfaces::srv::AddThreeInts>("add_three_ints");
//采集request資料
auto request = std::make_shared<tutorial_interfaces::srv::AddThreeInts::Request>();
request->a = atoll(argv[1]);
request->b = atoll(argv[2]);
request->c = atoll(argv[3]);
//search for service
while (!client->wait_for_service(1s))
{
if (!rclcpp::ok())
{
RCLCPP_ERROR(rclcpp::get_logger("rclcpp"), "Interrupted while waiting for the service. Exiting.");
return 0;
}
RCLCPP_INFO(rclcpp::get_logger("rclcpp"), "service not available, waiting again...");
}
//發送request
auto result = client->async_send_request(request);
// Wait for the result.
if (rclcpp::spin_until_future_complete(node, result) == rclcpp::FutureReturnCode::SUCCESS)
{
RCLCPP_INFO(rclcpp::get_logger("rclcpp"), "Sum: %ld", result.get()->sum);
}
else
{
RCLCPP_ERROR(rclcpp::get_logger("rclcpp"), "Failed to call service add_three_ints");
}
rclcpp::shutdown();
return 0;
}
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