本文主要介紹機器學習的概念、分類與相關學習資料
發展歷史
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machine learning as a "field of study that gives computers the ability to learn without being explicitly programmed --Arthur Samuel
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Well-Posed Learning Problems
A computer program is said to learn from experience E with respect to some class of tasks T and performance measure P, if its performance at tasks in T, as measured by P, improves with experience E. --Tom Mitchell
AL、ML 和 DL
AI is really a broad term and somewhat this also causes every company to claim their product has AI these days. Then ML is a subset of AI, and consists of the more advanced techniques and models that enable computers to figure things out from the data and deliver AI applications. ML is the science of getting computers to act without being explicitly programmed.
Finally, DL is a newer area of ML that that uses multi-layered artificial neural networks to deliver high accuracy in tasks such as object detection, speech recognition, language translation and other recent breakthroughs that you hear in the news.

機器學習演算法分類
根據訓練資料是否擁有標記資訊,學習任務可大致劃分為兩大類:“監督學習”(supervised learning)和“無監督學習”(unsupervised learning),分類和回歸是前者的代表,而聚類則是后者的代表.
- Supervised learning
Teach the computer how to do something - Unsupervised learning
Let it learning by itself
Others:
- Reinforcement learning
- Recommender systems
The classification of Supervised Learning and Unsupervised Learning are based on the forms of the data you get.
Supervised learning
Give the algorithm a data set in which the "right answer" (label) were given. The task of the algorithm is to learn to produce more of this right answer througth learning the given data set.
給定有標簽的資料集,通過它學習輸入與輸出的對應關系,就像刷題一樣,自己做題,然后根據給的答案(label)來不斷調整自己的方法和思路,最終作出正確答案,
監督學習目前使用較為廣泛,主要分為兩類:
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Regression problem
預測連續的輸出值(例如:價格、高度、時間等)
根據資料樣本上抽取的特征,預測連續值結果,如:房價多少,得分多少,GDP多少回歸問題是在做計算題
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Classification problem
預測離散的輸出值(例如:對錯、好壞、a、b 或 c 等)
根據資料樣本上抽取出的特征,判定其屬于有限個類別中的哪一個,比如:垃圾郵件識別(結果類別:yes or no),文本情感褒貶識別(結果類別:褒、貶),影像內容識別(結果類別:貓,狗,人,其他)分類問題是在做選擇題
Unsupervised learning
We‘re given data that looks different, and doesn't havs any labels or that all have the same label or really no labels. We expect the model find some structure in the data.
給定資料集,沒有標簽,通程序式自己去挖掘資料具有的特征,從而學得模型,
無監督學習主要以聚類問題為主
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Clustering algorithm
Break the data into some kinds of separate clusters (such as google new sort tons of informations into separate clusters、Organize computing clusters、Social network analysis、Market segmentation、Astronomical data analysis etc)
聚類演算法:將資料分成幾類,根據資料樣本抽取出的特征,挖掘資料的關聯、聚合模式,
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Cocktail party problem
Separate the different things from different sources
Semi-Supervised Learning
Semi-supervised learning falls between unsupervised learning (with no labeled training data) and supervised learning (with only labeled training data).
It combines a small amount of labeled data with a large amount of unlabeled data during training.
Reinforcement learning
強化學習是從環境到行為映射的學習,它研究基于環境而行動,以取得最大化的預期收益,例如:游戲如何得最高分,機器人完成任務,
基本概念術語
下面以使用范圍較廣的監督學習為例子,介紹機器學習的概念
資料集
- 訓練集 有正確答案的,被標記的,用來學習,歸納的資料集,
- 測驗集 沒有正確答案的,沒有標記的,用來測驗模型的優劣的資料集,
對于非監督學習,訓練集和測驗集就沒與什么區別了,只是使用時的目的不一樣而已,

上圖中資料的每一行,叫做一個示例(instance)、樣例(example)、樣本(sample)
前三列每一列的表頭叫做:屬性(attribute)、特征(feature)
每個樣本的每一列上的值叫做:屬性值、特征值
所有的屬性構成一個屬性空間,所有的樣本構成一個樣本空間,輸入‘X’可能取值的集合就是輸入空間(input space)
屬性向量:每一個屬性有一個列向量,這些列向量構建: [x1,x2,..xn] 成為一個特征向量
機器學習的整個流程:根據資料的型別,特點等,采用不同學習方法(監督與無監督)中不同的學習演算法(learning algorithm)來進行訓練,從而得到一個模型,然后對這個模型進行測驗,然后改進、迭代,
模型/假設(hypothesis)/學習器(learner):估計函式,對規律和模式的預測
學習機(learner):使用的學習演算法
真相(ground-truth):標簽、標準答案
樣本(sample) = 屬性(attribute)/特征(feature)+標記/標簽(label)
書籍資料
- Prof Andrew Ng Machine Learning. Stanford University
- 周志華,機器學習,清華大學出版社,2016
- Python 資料分析與挖掘實戰
- 面向機器智能的 tensorflow 實踐
- 機器學習系統設計
- tensorflow 技術決議與實戰
- Scikit-learn
- Google Crash-Course
參考資料
- Machine Learning by Stanford University | Coursera
- 周志華 機器學習
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