Mysql系列第八講
- 排序查詢(order by)
- 單欄位排序
- 多欄位排序
- 按別名排序
- 按函式排序
- where之后進行排序
- limit介紹
- 獲取前n行記錄
- 獲取最大的一條記錄
- 獲取排名第n到m的記錄
- 分頁查詢
- 避免踩坑
- limit中不能使用運算式
- limit后面的2個數字不能為負數
- 排序分頁存在的坑
- 總結
排序查詢(order by)
電商中:我們想查看今天所有成交的訂單,按照交易額從高到低排序,此時我們可以使用資料庫中的排序功能來完成,
排序語法:
select 欄位名 from 表名 order by 欄位1 [asc|desc],欄位2 [asc|desc];
-
需要排序的欄位跟在order by之后;
-
asc|desc表示排序的規則,asc:升序,desc:降序,默認為asc;
-
支持多個欄位進行排序,多欄位排序之間用逗號隔開,
單欄位排序
mysql> create table test2(a int,b varchar(10));
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.01 sec)
mysql> insert into test2 values (10,'jack'),(8,'tom'),(5,'ready'),(100,'javacode');
Query OK, 4 rows affected (0.00 sec)
Records: 4 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0
mysql> select * from test2;
+------+----------+
| a | b |
+------+----------+
| 10 | jack |
| 8 | tom |
| 5 | ready |
| 100 | javacode |
+------+----------+
4 rows in set (0.00 sec)
mysql> select * from test2 order by a asc;
+------+----------+
| a | b |
+------+----------+
| 5 | ready |
| 8 | tom |
| 10 | jack |
| 100 | javacode |
+------+----------+
4 rows in set (0.00 sec)
mysql> select * from test2 order by a desc;
+------+----------+
| a | b |
+------+----------+
| 100 | javacode |
| 10 | jack |
| 8 | tom |
| 5 | ready |
+------+----------+
4 rows in set (0.00 sec)
mysql> select * from test2 order by a;
+------+----------+
| a | b |
+------+----------+
| 5 | ready |
| 8 | tom |
| 10 | jack |
| 100 | javacode |
+------+----------+
4 rows in set (0.00 sec)
多欄位排序
比如學生表,先按學生年齡降序,年齡相同時,再按學號升序,如下:
mysql> create table stu(id int not null comment '學號' primary key,age tinyint not null comment '年齡',name varchar(16) comment '姓名');
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.01 sec)
mysql> insert into stu (id,age,name) values (1001,18,'路人甲Java'),(1005,20,'劉德華'),(1003,18,'張學友'),(1004,20,'張國榮'),(1010,19,'梁朝偉');
Query OK, 5 rows affected (0.00 sec)
Records: 5 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0
mysql> select * from stu;
+------+-----+---------------+
| id | age | name |
+------+-----+---------------+
| 1001 | 18 | 路人甲Java |
| 1003 | 18 | 張學友 |
| 1004 | 20 | 張國榮 |
| 1005 | 20 | 劉德華 |
| 1010 | 19 | 梁朝偉 |
+------+-----+---------------+
5 rows in set (0.00 sec)
mysql> select * from stu order by age desc,id asc;
+------+-----+---------------+
| id | age | name |
+------+-----+---------------+
| 1004 | 20 | 張國榮 |
| 1005 | 20 | 劉德華 |
| 1010 | 19 | 梁朝偉 |
| 1001 | 18 | 路人甲Java |
| 1003 | 18 | 張學友 |
+------+-----+---------------+
5 rows in set (0.00 sec)
按別名排序
mysql> select * from stu;
+------+-----+---------------+
| id | age | name |
+------+-----+---------------+
| 1001 | 18 | 路人甲Java |
| 1003 | 18 | 張學友 |
| 1004 | 20 | 張國榮 |
| 1005 | 20 | 劉德華 |
| 1010 | 19 | 梁朝偉 |
+------+-----+---------------+
5 rows in set (0.00 sec)
mysql> select age '年齡',id as '學號' from stu order by 年齡 asc,學號 desc;
+--------+--------+
| 年齡 | 學號 |
+--------+--------+
| 18 | 1003 |
| 18 | 1001 |
| 19 | 1010 |
| 20 | 1005 |
| 20 | 1004 |
+--------+--------+
按函式排序
有學生表(id:編號,birth:出生日期,name:姓名),如下:
mysql> drop table if exists student;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.01 sec)
mysql> CREATE TABLE student (
-> id int(11) NOT NULL COMMENT '學號',
-> birth date NOT NULL COMMENT '出生日期',
-> name varchar(16) DEFAULT NULL COMMENT '姓名',
-> PRIMARY KEY (id)
-> );
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.01 sec)
mysql> insert into student (id,birth,name) values (1001,'1990-10-10','路人甲Java'),(1005,'1960-03-01','劉德華'),(1003,'1960-08-16','張學友'),(1004,'1968-07-01','張國榮'),(1010,'1962-05-16','梁朝偉');
Query OK, 5 rows affected (0.00 sec)
Records: 5 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0
mysql>
mysql> SELECT * FROM student;
+------+------------+---------------+
| id | birth | name |
+------+------------+---------------+
| 1001 | 1990-10-10 | 路人甲Java |
| 1003 | 1960-08-16 | 張學友 |
| 1004 | 1968-07-01 | 張國榮 |
| 1005 | 1960-03-01 | 劉德華 |
| 1010 | 1962-05-16 | 梁朝偉 |
+------+------------+---------------+
5 rows in set (0.00 sec)
需求:按照出生年份升序、編號升序,查詢出編號、出生日期、出生年份、姓名,2種寫法如下:
mysql> SELECT id 編號,birth 出生日期,year(birth) 出生年份,name 姓名 from student ORDER BY year(birth) asc,id asc;
+--------+--------------+--------------+---------------+
| 編號 | 出生日期 | 出生年份 | 姓名 |
+--------+--------------+--------------+---------------+
| 1003 | 1960-08-16 | 1960 | 張學友 |
| 1005 | 1960-03-01 | 1960 | 劉德華 |
| 1010 | 1962-05-16 | 1962 | 梁朝偉 |
| 1004 | 1968-07-01 | 1968 | 張國榮 |
| 1001 | 1990-10-10 | 1990 | 路人甲Java |
+--------+--------------+--------------+---------------+
5 rows in set (0.00 sec)
mysql> SELECT id 編號,birth 出生日期,year(birth) 出生年份,name 姓名 from student ORDER BY 出生年份 asc,id asc;
+--------+--------------+--------------+---------------+
| 編號 | 出生日期 | 出生年份 | 姓名 |
+--------+--------------+--------------+---------------+
| 1003 | 1960-08-16 | 1960 | 張學友 |
| 1005 | 1960-03-01 | 1960 | 劉德華 |
| 1010 | 1962-05-16 | 1962 | 梁朝偉 |
| 1004 | 1968-07-01 | 1968 | 張國榮 |
| 1001 | 1990-10-10 | 1990 | 路人甲Java |
+--------+--------------+--------------+---------------+
5 rows in set (0.00 sec)
說明:
year函式:屬于日期函式,可以獲取對應日期中的年份,
上面使用了2種方式排序,第一種是在order by中使用了函式,第二種是使用了別名排序,
where之后進行排序
有訂單資料如下:
mysql> drop table if exists t_order;
Query OK, 0 rows affected, 1 warning (0.00 sec)
mysql> create table t_order(
-> id int not null auto_increment comment '訂單編號',
-> price decimal(10,2) not null default 0 comment '訂單金額',
-> primary key(id)
-> )comment '訂單表';
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.01 sec)
mysql> insert into t_order (price) values (88.95),(100.68),(500),(300),(20.88),(200.5);
Query OK, 6 rows affected (0.00 sec)
Records: 6 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0
mysql> select * from t_order;
+----+--------+
| id | price |
+----+--------+
| 1 | 88.95 |
| 2 | 100.68 |
| 3 | 500.00 |
| 4 | 300.00 |
| 5 | 20.88 |
| 6 | 200.50 |
+----+--------+
6 rows in set (0.00 sec)
需求:查詢訂單金額>=100的,按照訂單金額降序排序,顯示2列資料,列頭:訂單編號、訂單金額,如下:
mysql> select a.id 訂單編號,a.price 訂單金額 from t_order a where a.price>=100 order by a.price desc;
+--------------+--------------+
| 訂單編號 | 訂單金額 |
+--------------+--------------+
| 3 | 500.00 |
| 4 | 300.00 |
| 6 | 200.50 |
| 2 | 100.68 |
+--------------+--------------+
4 rows in set (0.00 sec)
limit介紹
limit用來限制select查詢回傳的行數,常用于分頁等操作,
語法:
select 列 from 表 limit [offset,] count;
說明:
-
offset:表示偏移量,通俗點講就是跳過多少行,offset可以省略,默認為0,表示跳過0行;范圍:[0,+∞),
-
count:跳過offset行之后開始取資料,取count行記錄;范圍:[0,+∞),
-
limit中offset和count的值不能用運算式,
下面我們列一些常用的示例來加深理解,
獲取前n行記錄
select 列 from 表 limit 0,n;
或者
select 列 from 表 limit n;
示例,獲取訂單的前2條記錄,如下:
mysql> create table t_order(
-> id int not null auto_increment comment '訂單編號',
-> price decimal(10,2) not null default 0 comment '訂單金額',
-> primary key(id)
-> )comment '訂單表';
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.01 sec)
mysql> insert into t_order (price) values (88.95),(100.68),(500),(300),(20.88),(200.5);
Query OK, 6 rows affected (0.01 sec)
Records: 6 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0
mysql> select * from t_order;
+----+--------+
| id | price |
+----+--------+
| 1 | 88.95 |
| 2 | 100.68 |
| 3 | 500.00 |
| 4 | 300.00 |
| 5 | 20.88 |
| 6 | 200.50 |
+----+--------+
6 rows in set (0.00 sec)
mysql> select a.id 訂單編號,a.price 訂單金額 from t_order a limit 2;
+--------------+--------------+
| 訂單編號 | 訂單金額 |
+--------------+--------------+
| 1 | 88.95 |
| 2 | 100.68 |
+--------------+--------------+
2 rows in set (0.00 sec)
mysql> select a.id 訂單編號,a.price 訂單金額 from t_order a limit 0,2;
+--------------+--------------+
| 訂單編號 | 訂單金額 |
+--------------+--------------+
| 1 | 88.95 |
| 2 | 100.68 |
+--------------+--------------+
2 rows in set (0.00 sec)
獲取最大的一條記錄
我們需要獲取訂單金額最大的一條記錄,可以這么做:先按照金額降序,然后取第一條記錄,如下:
mysql> select a.id 訂單編號,a.price 訂單金額 from t_order a order by a.price desc;
+--------------+--------------+
| 訂單編號 | 訂單金額 |
+--------------+--------------+
| 3 | 500.00 |
| 4 | 300.00 |
| 6 | 200.50 |
| 2 | 100.68 |
| 1 | 88.95 |
| 5 | 20.88 |
+--------------+--------------+
6 rows in set (0.00 sec)
mysql> select a.id 訂單編號,a.price 訂單金額 from t_order a order by a.price desc limit 1;
+--------------+--------------+
| 訂單編號 | 訂單金額 |
+--------------+--------------+
| 3 | 500.00 |
+--------------+--------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
mysql> select a.id 訂單編號,a.price 訂單金額 from t_order a order by a.price desc limit 0,1;
+--------------+--------------+
| 訂單編號 | 訂單金額 |
+--------------+--------------+
| 3 | 500.00 |
+--------------+--------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
獲取排名第n到m的記錄
我們需要先跳過n-1條記錄,然后取m-n+1條記錄,如下:
select 列 from 表 limit n-1,m-n+1;
如:我們想獲取訂單金額最高的3到5名的記錄,我們需要跳過2條,然后獲取3條記錄,如下:
mysql> select a.id 訂單編號,a.price 訂單金額 from t_order a order by a.price desc;
+--------------+--------------+
| 訂單編號 | 訂單金額 |
+--------------+--------------+
| 3 | 500.00 |
| 4 | 300.00 |
| 6 | 200.50 |
| 2 | 100.68 |
| 1 | 88.95 |
| 5 | 20.88 |
+--------------+--------------+
6 rows in set (0.00 sec)
mysql> select a.id 訂單編號,a.price 訂單金額 from t_order a order by a.price desc limit 2,3;
+--------------+--------------+
| 訂單編號 | 訂單金額 |
+--------------+--------------+
| 6 | 200.50 |
| 2 | 100.68 |
| 1 | 88.95 |
+--------------+--------------+
3 rows in set (0.00 sec)
分頁查詢
開發程序中,分頁我們經常使用,分頁一般有2個引數:
page:表示第幾頁,從1開始,范圍[1,+∞)
pageSize:每頁顯示多少條記錄,范圍[1,+∞)
如:page = 2,pageSize = 10,表示獲取第2頁10條資料,
我們使用limit實作分頁,語法如下:
select 列 from 表名 limit (page - 1) * pageSize,pageSize;
需求:我們按照訂單金額降序,每頁顯示2條,依次獲取所有訂單資料、第1頁、第2頁、第3頁資料,如下:
mysql> select a.id 訂單編號,a.price 訂單金額 from t_order a order by a.price desc;
+--------------+--------------+
| 訂單編號 | 訂單金額 |
+--------------+--------------+
| 3 | 500.00 |
| 4 | 300.00 |
| 6 | 200.50 |
| 2 | 100.68 |
| 1 | 88.95 |
| 5 | 20.88 |
+--------------+--------------+
6 rows in set (0.00 sec)
mysql> select a.id 訂單編號,a.price 訂單金額 from t_order a order by a.price desc limit 0,2;
+--------------+--------------+
| 訂單編號 | 訂單金額 |
+--------------+--------------+
| 3 | 500.00 |
| 4 | 300.00 |
+--------------+--------------+
2 rows in set (0.00 sec)
mysql> select a.id 訂單編號,a.price 訂單金額 from t_order a order by a.price desc limit 2,2;
+--------------+--------------+
| 訂單編號 | 訂單金額 |
+--------------+--------------+
| 6 | 200.50 |
| 2 | 100.68 |
+--------------+--------------+
2 rows in set (0.00 sec)
mysql> select a.id 訂單編號,a.price 訂單金額 from t_order a order by a.price desc limit 4,2;
+--------------+--------------+
| 訂單編號 | 訂單金額 |
+--------------+--------------+
| 1 | 88.95 |
| 5 | 20.88 |
+--------------+--------------+
2 rows in set (0.00 sec)
避免踩坑
limit中不能使用運算式
mysql> select * from t_order where limit 1,4+1;
ERROR 1064 (42000): You have an error in your SQL syntax; check the manual that corresponds to your MySQL server version for the right syntax to use near 'limit 1,4+1' at line 1
mysql> select * from t_order where limit 1+0;
ERROR 1064 (42000): You have an error in your SQL syntax; check the manual that corresponds to your MySQL server version for the right syntax to use near 'limit 1+0' at line 1
mysql>
結論:limit后面只能夠跟明確的數字,
limit后面的2個數字不能為負數
mysql> select * from t_order where limit -1;
ERROR 1064 (42000): You have an error in your SQL syntax; check the manual that corresponds to your MySQL server version for the right syntax to use near 'limit -1' at line 1
mysql> select * from t_order where limit 0,-1;
ERROR 1064 (42000): You have an error in your SQL syntax; check the manual that corresponds to your MySQL server version for the right syntax to use near 'limit 0,-1' at line 1
mysql> select * from t_order where limit -1,-1;
ERROR 1064 (42000): You have an error in your SQL syntax; check the manual that corresponds to your MySQL server version for the right syntax to use near 'limit -1,-1' at line 1
排序分頁存在的坑
準備資料:
mysql> insert into test1 (b) values (1),(2),(3),(4),(2),(2),(2),(2);
Query OK, 8 rows affected (0.01 sec)
Records: 8 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0
mysql> select * from test1;
+---+---+
| a | b |
+---+---+
| 1 | 1 |
| 2 | 2 |
| 3 | 3 |
| 4 | 4 |
| 5 | 2 |
| 6 | 2 |
| 7 | 2 |
| 8 | 2 |
+---+---+
8 rows in set (0.00 sec)
mysql> select * from test1 order by b asc;
+---+---+
| a | b |
+---+---+
| 1 | 1 |
| 2 | 2 |
| 5 | 2 |
| 6 | 2 |
| 7 | 2 |
| 8 | 2 |
| 3 | 3 |
| 4 | 4 |
+---+---+
8 rows in set (0.00 sec)
下面我們按照b升序,每頁2條資料,來獲取資料,
下面的sql依次為第1頁、第2頁、第3頁、第4頁、第5頁的資料,如下:
mysql> select * from test1 order by b asc limit 0,2;
+---+---+
| a | b |
+---+---+
| 1 | 1 |
| 2 | 2 |
+---+---+
2 rows in set (0.00 sec)
mysql> select * from test1 order by b asc limit 2,2;
+---+---+
| a | b |
+---+---+
| 8 | 2 |
| 6 | 2 |
+---+---+
2 rows in set (0.00 sec)
mysql> select * from test1 order by b asc limit 4,2;
+---+---+
| a | b |
+---+---+
| 6 | 2 |
| 7 | 2 |
+---+---+
2 rows in set (0.00 sec)
mysql> select * from test1 order by b asc limit 6,2;
+---+---+
| a | b |
+---+---+
| 3 | 3 |
| 4 | 4 |
+---+---+
2 rows in set (0.00 sec)
mysql> select * from test1 order by b asc limit 7,2;
+---+---+
| a | b |
+---+---+
| 4 | 4 |
+---+---+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
上面有2個問題:
問題1:看一下第2個sql和第3個sql,分別是第2頁和第3頁的資料,結果出現了相同的資料,是不是懵逼了,
問題2:整個表只有8條記錄,怎么會出現第5頁的資料呢,又懵逼了,
我們來分析一下上面的原因:主要是b欄位存在相同的值,當排序程序中存在相同的值時,沒有其他排序規則時,mysql懵逼了,不知道怎么排序了,
就像我們上學站隊一樣,按照身高排序,那身高一樣的時候如何排序呢?身高一樣的就亂排了,
建議:排序中存在相同的值時,需要再指定一個排序規則,通過這種排序規則不存在二義性,比如上面可以再加上a降序,如下:
mysql> select * from test1 order by b asc,a desc;
+---+---+
| a | b |
+---+---+
| 1 | 1 |
| 8 | 2 |
| 7 | 2 |
| 6 | 2 |
| 5 | 2 |
| 2 | 2 |
| 3 | 3 |
| 4 | 4 |
+---+---+
8 rows in set (0.00 sec)
mysql> select * from test1 order by b asc,a desc limit 0,2;
+---+---+
| a | b |
+---+---+
| 1 | 1 |
| 8 | 2 |
+---+---+
2 rows in set (0.00 sec)
mysql> select * from test1 order by b asc,a desc limit 2,2;
+---+---+
| a | b |
+---+---+
| 7 | 2 |
| 6 | 2 |
+---+---+
2 rows in set (0.00 sec)
mysql> select * from test1 order by b asc,a desc limit 4,2;
+---+---+
| a | b |
+---+---+
| 5 | 2 |
| 2 | 2 |
+---+---+
2 rows in set (0.00 sec)
mysql> select * from test1 order by b asc,a desc limit 6,2;
+---+---+
| a | b |
+---+---+
| 3 | 3 |
| 4 | 4 |
+---+---+
2 rows in set (0.00 sec)
mysql> select * from test1 order by b asc,a desc limit 8,2;
Empty set (0.00 sec)
看上面的結果,分頁資料都正常了,第5頁也沒有資料了,
總結
order by … [asc|desc]用于對查詢結果排序,asc:升序,desc:降序,asc|desc可以省略,默認為asc
limit用來限制查詢結果回傳的行數,有2個引數(offset,count),offset:表示跳過多少行,count:表示跳過offset行之后取count行
limit中offset可以省略,默認值為0
limit中offset 和 count都必須大于等于0
limit中offset和count的值不能用運算式
分頁排序時,排序不要有二義性,二義性情況下可能會導致分頁結果亂序,可以在后面追加一個主鍵排序
Java
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