這是問題是一個網友遇到的問題:一個UPDATE陳述句產生的共享鎖阻塞了其他會話的案例,對于這個案例,我進一步分析、總結和衍化了相關問題,下面分析如有不對的地方,敬請指正,下面是初始化環境和資料的腳本,
---- Table structure for table `tableA`--DROP TABLE IF EXISTS `tableA`;CREATE TABLE `tableA` (
`id` varchar(10) NOT NULL,
`name` varchar(10) DEFAULT NULL,
PRIMARY KEY (`id`)
) ENGINE=InnoDB;
---- Dumping data for table `tableA`--LOCK TABLES `tableA` WRITE;INSERT INTO `tableA` VALUES ('1','11'),('2','22');
UNLOCK TABLES;
---- Table structure for table `tableB`--DROP TABLE IF EXISTS `tableB`;
CREATE TABLE `tableB` (
`id` varchar(10) NOT NULL,
`bill_id` varchar(10) DEFAULT NULL,
`update_time` bigint(12) DEFAULT NULL,
PRIMARY KEY (`id`),
KEY `idx_bill_id` (`bill_id`)) ENGINE=InnoDB;
---- Dumping data for table `tableB`--LOCK TABLES `tableB` WRITE;/*!40000 ALTER TABLE `tableB` DISABLE KEYS */;INSERT INTO `tableB` VALUES ('100','1',1586880000000),('200','2',1586793600000),('300','2',1586880000000),('400','2',1586880000000),('500','3',1586990000000),('600','4' ,1586990000000);
/*!40000 ALTER TABLE `tableB` ENABLE KEYS */;UNLOCK TABLES;
下面我們先通過實驗模擬一下這個阻塞問題,事務的級別為默認的可重復讀級別(Repeatable Read),如下所示:
實驗環境: MySQL 5.6.25
會話1(連接ID=52)在autocommit=0下面,執行一個update陳述句
mysql> select connection_id() from dual;
+-----------------+
| connection_id() |
+-----------------+
| 52 |
+-----------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
mysql> set session autocommit=0;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)mysql> UPDATE tableA a-> LEFT JOIN
-> (SELECT -> bill_id,MAX(update_time) -> FROM-> tableB
-> GROUP BY bill_id) b ON a.id = b.bill_id
-> SET -> a.name = 'abcd' -> WHERE -> a.id = '2';Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)Rows matched: 1 Changed: 1 Warnings: 0mysql>
會話2(連接ID=54)執行一個delete陳述句被阻塞
mysql> select connection_id() from dual;
+-----------------+
| connection_id() |
+-----------------+
| 54 |
+-----------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
mysql> delete from tableB where bill_id='1';
會話3中進行分析、查看這些阻塞、鎖等相關資訊,如下所示:
mysql> SELECT b.trx_mysql_thread_id AS 'blocked_thread_id'
-> ,b.trx_query AS 'blocked_sql_text'
-> ,c.trx_mysql_thread_id AS 'blocker_thread_id'
-> ,c.trx_query AS 'blocker_sql_text'
-> ,( Unix_timestamp() - Unix_timestamp(c.trx_started) )
-> AS 'blocked_time'
-> FROM information_schema.innodb_lock_waits a -> INNER JOIN information_schema.innodb_trx b
-> ON a.requesting_trx_id = b.trx_id -> INNER JOIN information_schema.innodb_trx c
-> ON a.blocking_trx_id = c.trx_id -> WHERE ( Unix_timestamp() - Unix_timestamp(c.trx_started) ) > 4; +-------------------+--------------------------------------+-------------------+------------------+--------------+
| blocked_thread_id | blocked_sql_text | blocker_thread_id | blocker_sql_text | blocked_time |
+-------------------+--------------------------------------+-------------------+------------------+--------------+
| 54 | delete from tableB where bill_id='1' | 52 | NULL | 39 |
+-------------------+--------------------------------------+-------------------+------------------+--------------+
1 row in set (0.01 sec)
mysql>
mysql> SELECT * FROM INFORMATION_SCHEMA.INNODB_TRX\G;
*************************** 1. row ***************************trx_id: 1261156958
trx_state: LOCK WAIT
trx_started: 2020-09-21 07:05:36
trx_requested_lock_id: 1261156958:1678:4:2
trx_wait_started: 2020-09-21 07:05:36
trx_weight: 2
trx_mysql_thread_id: 54
trx_query: delete from tableB where bill_id='1'
trx_operation_state: starting index read
trx_tables_in_use: 1
trx_tables_locked: 1
trx_lock_structs: 2
trx_lock_memory_bytes: 360
trx_rows_locked: 1
trx_rows_modified: 0
trx_concurrency_tickets: 0
trx_isolation_level: REPEATABLE READtrx_unique_checks: 1
trx_foreign_key_checks: 1
trx_last_foreign_key_error: NULLtrx_adaptive_hash_latched: 0
trx_adaptive_hash_timeout: 10000
trx_is_read_only: 0
trx_autocommit_non_locking: 0
*************************** 2. row ***************************trx_id: 1261156943
trx_state: RUNNING
trx_started: 2020-09-21 07:05:28
trx_requested_lock_id: NULL trx_wait_started: NULLtrx_weight: 6
trx_mysql_thread_id: 52
trx_query: NULL trx_operation_state: NULLtrx_tables_in_use: 0
trx_tables_locked: 0
trx_lock_structs: 5
trx_lock_memory_bytes: 1184
trx_rows_locked: 14
trx_rows_modified: 1
trx_concurrency_tickets: 0
trx_isolation_level: REPEATABLE READtrx_unique_checks: 1
trx_foreign_key_checks: 1
trx_last_foreign_key_error: NULLtrx_adaptive_hash_latched: 0
trx_adaptive_hash_timeout: 10000
trx_is_read_only: 0
trx_autocommit_non_locking: 0
2 rows in set (0.00 sec)
ERROR:
No query specifiedmysql> SELECT * FROM INFORMATION_SCHEMA.INNODB_LOCKS\G;
*************************** 1. row ***************************lock_id: 1261156958:1678:4:2
lock_trx_id: 1261156958
lock_mode: X
lock_type: RECORD
lock_table: `test`.`tableB`
lock_index: idx_bill_id
lock_space: 1678
lock_page: 4
lock_rec: 2
lock_data: '1', '100'
*************************** 2. row ***************************lock_id: 1261156943:1678:4:2
lock_trx_id: 1261156943
lock_mode: S
lock_type: RECORD
lock_table: `test`.`tableB`
lock_index: idx_bill_id
lock_space: 1678
lock_page: 4
lock_rec: 2
lock_data: '1', '100'
2 rows in set (0.00 sec)
ERROR:
No query specifiedmysql> SELECT * FROM INFORMATION_SCHEMA.INNODB_LOCK_WAITS\G
*************************** 1. row ***************************requesting_trx_id: 1261156958
requested_lock_id: 1261156958:1678:4:2
blocking_trx_id: 1261156943
blocking_lock_id: 1261156943:1678:4:2
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
![clip_image001[4] clip_image001[4]](https://img.uj5u.com/2020/09/23/96974231016071.png)
從上圖的資訊中,我們可以看出事務(trx_id=1261156958)處于等待狀態,TRX_STATE是LOCK WAIT,表示當前事務事務正在等待鎖資源的獲取,通過lock_id,我們可以知道,事務在表空間ID為1678(即表tableB對應的表空間),頁碼值為4,堆號2的記錄上加了共享鎖,而恰巧事務(trx_id=1261156943)在這些記錄上擁有共享鎖(S),導致事務事務(trx_id=1261156958)處于等待狀態,
我們知道共享鎖(S)跟排他鎖(X)是的兼容關系如下圖所示,那么為什么會話1(執行緒ID=52)在表tableB的的bill_id='1'持有共享鎖呢?其實如果你修改一下實驗條件,你會發現delete任意記錄都會被阻塞(例如delete from tableB where bill_id='4';),網友的問題是為什么這里共享鎖鎖定了整個tableB表呢?
![clip_image002[4] clip_image002[4]](https://img.uj5u.com/2020/09/23/96974231016072.png)
那么現在在有個問題:共享鎖的粒度是什么粒度? 答案是InnoDB存盤引擎中,共享鎖的粒度是行級別的,如下資料所示:
Shared and Exclusive Locks
InnoDB implements standard row-level locking where there are two types of locks, shared (S) locks and exclusive (X) locks.
· A shared (S) lock permits the transaction that holds the lock to read a row.
· An exclusive (X) lock permits the transaction that holds the lock to update or delete a row.
If transaction T1 holds a shared (S) lock on row r, then requests from some distinct transaction T2 for a lock on row r are handled as follows:
· A request by T2 for an S lock can be granted immediately. As a result, both T1 and T2 hold an S lock on r.
· A request by T2 for an X lock cannot be granted immediately.
If a transaction T1 holds an exclusive (X) lock on row r, a request from some distinct transaction T2 for a lock of either type on r cannot be granted immediately. Instead, transaction T2 has to wait for transaction T1 to release its lock on row r.
那么也就是說會話1的UPDATE陳述句對表tableB中的所有行加了共享鎖,為什么會這樣呢? 其實共享鎖(S)鎖一般是鎖定讀取的行,那么會話1中的SQL執行計劃,肯定讀取了tableB中所有的行,我們觀察執行計劃發現,優化器通過對索引idx_bill_id掃描,讀取了此表的6條記錄,這個也是業務邏輯使然,
mysql> explain
-> UPDATE tableA a-> LEFT JOIN
-> (SELECT -> bill_id,MAX(update_time) -> FROM-> tableB
-> GROUP BY bill_id) b ON a.id = b.bill_id
-> SET -> a.name = 'abcd' -> WHERE -> a.id = '2';+----+-------------+------------+-------+---------------+-------------+---------+-------+------+-------------+
| id | select_type | table | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | Extra |
+----+-------------+------------+-------+---------------+-------------+---------+-------+------+-------------+
| 1 | PRIMARY | a | const | PRIMARY | PRIMARY | 12 | const | 1 | NULL |
| 1 | PRIMARY | <derived2> | ref | <auto_key0> | <auto_key0> | 13 | const | 0 | Using where |
| 2 | DERIVED | tableB | index | idx_bill_id | idx_bill_id | 13 | NULL | 6 | NULL |
+----+-------------+------------+-------+---------------+-------------+---------+-------+------+-------------+
3 rows in set (0.00 sec)
如果在MySQL 8下面(MySQL 8.0.18下的實驗結果跟MySQL 5.6.25下是一致的),格式化對應的執行計劃,你會有更形象、直觀的認識,
![clip_image003[4] clip_image003[4]](https://img.uj5u.com/2020/09/23/96974231016073.png)
下面我們再改變一下實驗中的SQL陳述句,修改業務邏輯,對比看看一下實驗效果,
會話1:
UPDATE tableA aLEFT JOIN
(SELECT bill_id,MAX(update_time) FROMtableB
WHERE bill_id <='2'
GROUP BY bill_id) b ON a.id = b.bill_id
SET a.name = 'abcd'WHERE a.id = '2';
會話2:
delete from tableB where bill_id='4';
照理來說,會話1中的SQL,在表tableB上,應該走索引區間掃描(rang),不會對bill_id=4的記錄加上共享鎖(S), 會話2不應該被會話1阻塞,然而實際情況:在MySQL 5.6.25中,我們實驗測驗發現會話1還是會阻塞會話2,因為會話1的執行計劃還是走索引掃描,對表tableB中的6行記錄加了共享鎖,如下截圖所示,即使更新統計資訊也好,重建索引也罷,MySQL優化器始終走索引掃描,不清楚為什么會這樣,
![clip_image004[4] clip_image004[4]](https://img.uj5u.com/2020/09/23/96974231016074.png)
但是在MySQL 8.0.18中,就會發現會話1不會阻塞會話2,從執行計劃來看,在tableB上對索引idx_bill_id進行索引范圍掃描,讀取記錄有4行(bill_id<=2),也就是說這4行上加上了共享鎖,
mysql> explain
-> UPDATE tableA a-> LEFT JOIN
-> (SELECT -> bill_id,MAX(update_time) -> FROM-> tableB
-> WHERE bill_id <='2'
-> GROUP BY bill_id) b ON a.id = b.bill_id
-> SET -> a.name = 'abcd' -> WHERE -> a.id = '2';+----+-------------+------------+------------+-------+---------------+-------------+---------+-------+------+----------+-------------+
| id | select_type | table | partitions | type | possible_keys | key | key_len | ref | rows | filtered | Extra |
+----+-------------+------------+------------+-------+---------------+-------------+---------+-------+------+----------+-------------+
| 1 | UPDATE | a | NULL | const | PRIMARY | PRIMARY | 12 | const | 1 | 100.00 | NULL |
| 1 | PRIMARY | <derived2> | NULL | ref | <auto_key0> | <auto_key0> | 13 | const | 1 | 100.00 | NULL |
| 2 | DERIVED | tableB | NULL | range | idx_bill_id | idx_bill_id | 13 | NULL | 4 | 100.00 | Using where |
+----+-------------+------------+------------+-------+---------------+-------------+---------+-------+------+----------+-------------+
3 rows in set, 1 warning (0.00 sec)
mysql> explain format=tree
-> UPDATE tableA a-> LEFT JOIN
-> (SELECT -> bill_id,MAX(update_time) -> FROM-> tableB
-> WHERE bill_id <='2'
-> GROUP BY bill_id) b ON a.id = b.bill_id
-> SET -> a.name = 'abcd' -> WHERE -> a.id = '2';+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| EXPLAIN |
+------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| -> Update a-> Nested loop left join
-> Rows fetched before execution
-> Index lookup on b using <auto_key0> (bill_id='2')
-> Materialize
-> Group aggregate: max(tableB.update_time)
-> Filter: (tableB.bill_id <= '2') (cost=2.06 rows=4)
-> Index range scan on tableB using idx_bill_id (cost=2.06 rows=4)
|
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
mysql>
![clip_image005[4] clip_image005[4]](https://img.uj5u.com/2020/09/23/96974231016075.png)
其實我們從performance_schema.data_locks中看到,bill_id='3'的記錄即使沒有被讀取,但是也加了共享鎖,而bill_id=‘4’的記錄因為沒有加上共享鎖,所以會話2洗掉這行記錄時,申請X鎖時,就不會被阻塞,
![clip_image006[4] clip_image006[4]](https://img.uj5u.com/2020/09/23/96974231016076.png)
如果繼續上面的實驗,將會話2的SQL修改一下
delete from tableB where bill_id='3';
然后我們按照下面的步驟測驗實驗,
會話1:
mysql> select connection_id();+-----------------+
| connection_id() |
+-----------------+
| 41 |
+-----------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
mysql> set session autocommit=0;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)mysql> UPDATE tableA a-> LEFT JOIN
-> (SELECT -> bill_id,MAX(update_time) -> FROM-> tableB
-> WHERE bill_id <='2'
-> GROUP BY bill_id) b ON a.id = b.bill_id
-> SET -> a.name = 'abcd' -> WHERE -> a.id = '2';Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)Rows matched: 1 Changed: 1 Warnings: 0
會話2:
mysql> select connection_id();+-----------------+
| connection_id() |
+-----------------+
| 42 |
+-----------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
mysql> select * from tableB;
+-----+---------+---------------+
| id | bill_id | update_time |
+-----+---------+---------------+
| 100 | 1 | 1586880000000 |
| 200 | 2 | 1586793600000 |
| 300 | 2 | 1586880000000 |
| 400 | 2 | 1586880000000 |
| 500 | 3 | 1586990000000 |
+-----+---------+---------------+
5 rows in set (0.00 sec)
mysql> delete from tableB where bill_id='3';
此時你會發現會話1阻塞了會話2. 那么我來查看一下事務相關的阻塞和鎖相關的資訊,如下所示:
會話3:
mysql> select thread_id, processlist_id from performance_schema.threads where PROCESSLIST_ID in(41,42);
+-----------+----------------+
| THREAD_ID | PROCESSLIST_ID |
+-----------+----------------+
| 80 | 41 |
| 81 | 42 |
+-----------+----------------+
2 rows in set (0.00 sec)
mysql>
mysql> SELECT * FROM INFORMATION_SCHEMA.INNODB_TRX\G;
*************************** 1. row ***************************trx_id: 7979252
trx_state: LOCK WAIT
trx_started: 2020-09-22 10:50:00
trx_requested_lock_id: 139958870846928:33:5:6:139958757162504
trx_wait_started: 2020-09-22 10:50:00
trx_weight: 2
trx_mysql_thread_id: 42
trx_query: delete from tableB where bill_id='3'
trx_operation_state: starting index read
trx_tables_in_use: 1
trx_tables_locked: 1
trx_lock_structs: 2
trx_lock_memory_bytes: 1136
trx_rows_locked: 1
trx_rows_modified: 0
trx_concurrency_tickets: 0
trx_isolation_level: REPEATABLE READtrx_unique_checks: 1
trx_foreign_key_checks: 1
trx_last_foreign_key_error: NULLtrx_adaptive_hash_latched: 0
trx_adaptive_hash_timeout: 0
trx_is_read_only: 0
trx_autocommit_non_locking: 0
*************************** 2. row ***************************trx_id: 7979251
trx_state: RUNNING
trx_started: 2020-09-22 10:49:57
trx_requested_lock_id: NULL trx_wait_started: NULLtrx_weight: 6
trx_mysql_thread_id: 41
trx_query: NULL trx_operation_state: NULLtrx_tables_in_use: 0
trx_tables_locked: 2
trx_lock_structs: 5
trx_lock_memory_bytes: 1136
trx_rows_locked: 11
trx_rows_modified: 1
trx_concurrency_tickets: 0
trx_isolation_level: REPEATABLE READtrx_unique_checks: 1
trx_foreign_key_checks: 1
trx_last_foreign_key_error: NULLtrx_adaptive_hash_latched: 0
trx_adaptive_hash_timeout: 0
trx_is_read_only: 0
trx_autocommit_non_locking: 0
2 rows in set (0.00 sec)
ERROR:
No query specifiedmysql> SELECT ENGINE-> ,ENGINE_LOCK_ID
-> ,ENGINE_TRANSACTION_ID
-> ,THREAD_ID
-> ,EVENT_ID
-> ,OBJECT_NAME
-> ,INDEX_NAME
-> ,LOCK_TYPE
-> ,LOCK_MODE
-> ,LOCK_STATUS
-> ,LOCK_DATA
-> FROM performance_schema.data_locks;+--------+----------------------------------------+-----------------------+-----------+----------+-------------+-------------+-----------+---------------+-------------+------------+
| ENGINE | ENGINE_LOCK_ID | ENGINE_TRANSACTION_ID | THREAD_ID | EVENT_ID | OBJECT_NAME | INDEX_NAME | LOCK_TYPE | LOCK_MODE | LOCK_STATUS | LOCK_DATA |
+--------+----------------------------------------+-----------------------+-----------+----------+-------------+-------------+-----------+---------------+-------------+------------+
| INNODB | 139958870846928:1090:139958757165432 | 7979252 | 81 | 34 | tableB | NULL | TABLE | IX | GRANTED | NULL |
| INNODB | 139958870846928:33:5:6:139958757162504 | 7979252 | 81 | 34 | tableB | idx_bill_id | RECORD | X | WAITING | '3', '500' |
| INNODB | 139958870846056:1088:139958757159480 | 7979251 | 80 | 42 | tableA | NULL | TABLE | IX | GRANTED | NULL |
| INNODB | 139958870846056:31:4:9:139958757156440 | 7979251 | 80 | 42 | tableA | PRIMARY | RECORD | X,REC_NOT_GAP | GRANTED | '2' |
| INNODB | 139958870846056:1090:139958757159568 | 7979251 | 80 | 42 | tableB | NULL | TABLE | IS | GRANTED | NULL |
| INNODB | 139958870846056:33:5:2:139958757156784 | 7979251 | 80 | 42 | tableB | idx_bill_id | RECORD | S | GRANTED | '1', '100' |
| INNODB | 139958870846056:33:5:3:139958757156784 | 7979251 | 80 | 42 | tableB | idx_bill_id | RECORD | S | GRANTED | '2', '200' |
| INNODB | 139958870846056:33:5:4:139958757156784 | 7979251 | 80 | 42 | tableB | idx_bill_id | RECORD | S | GRANTED | '2', '300' |
| INNODB | 139958870846056:33:5:5:139958757156784 | 7979251 | 80 | 42 | tableB | idx_bill_id | RECORD | S | GRANTED | '2', '400' |
| INNODB | 139958870846056:33:5:6:139958757156784 | 7979251 | 80 | 42 | tableB | idx_bill_id | RECORD | S | GRANTED | '3', '500' |
| INNODB | 139958870846056:33:4:2:139958757157128 | 7979251 | 80 | 42 | tableB | PRIMARY | RECORD | S,REC_NOT_GAP | GRANTED | '100' |
| INNODB | 139958870846056:33:4:3:139958757157128 | 7979251 | 80 | 42 | tableB | PRIMARY | RECORD | S,REC_NOT_GAP | GRANTED | '200' |
| INNODB | 139958870846056:33:4:4:139958757157128 | 7979251 | 80 | 42 | tableB | PRIMARY | RECORD | S,REC_NOT_GAP | GRANTED | '300' |
| INNODB | 139958870846056:33:4:5:139958757157128 | 7979251 | 80 | 42 | tableB | PRIMARY | RECORD | S,REC_NOT_GAP | GRANTED | '400' |
| INNODB | 139958870846056:33:4:6:139958757157128 | 7979251 | 80 | 42 | tableB | PRIMARY | RECORD | S,REC_NOT_GAP | GRANTED | '500' |
+--------+----------------------------------------+-----------------------+-----------+----------+-------------+-------------+-----------+---------------+-------------+------------+
15 rows in set (0.00 sec)
mysql> SELECT * FROM performance_schema.data_lock_waits\G;
*************************** 1. row ***************************ENGINE: INNODB
REQUESTING_ENGINE_LOCK_ID: 139958870846928:33:5:6:139958757162504
REQUESTING_ENGINE_TRANSACTION_ID: 7979252
REQUESTING_THREAD_ID: 81
REQUESTING_EVENT_ID: 34
REQUESTING_OBJECT_INSTANCE_BEGIN: 139958757162504
BLOCKING_ENGINE_LOCK_ID: 139958870846056:33:5:6:139958757156784
BLOCKING_ENGINE_TRANSACTION_ID: 7979251
BLOCKING_THREAD_ID: 80
BLOCKING_EVENT_ID: 42
BLOCKING_OBJECT_INSTANCE_BEGIN: 139958757156784
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
ERROR:
No query specifie
![clip_image007[4] clip_image007[4]](https://img.uj5u.com/2020/09/23/96974231016077.png)
那么為什么在表tableB的id=500或bill_id='3'的記錄上有共享鎖呢? 我們來看看會話1中SQL的執行計劃,執行計劃會通過表tableB的索引idx_bill_id的區間索引掃描,讀取了4行記錄,對這4行記錄加上共享鎖,那么為什么id=500這條記錄上也加上了共享鎖呢?
mysql> explain format=tree
-> UPDATE tableA a-> LEFT JOIN
-> (SELECT -> bill_id,MAX(update_time) -> FROM-> tableB
-> WHERE bill_id <='2'
-> GROUP BY bill_id) b ON a.id = b.bill_id
-> SET -> a.name = 'abcd' -> WHERE -> a.id = '2';+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| EXPLAIN |
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| -> Update a-> Nested loop left join
-> Rows fetched before execution
-> Index lookup on b using <auto_key0> (bill_id='2')
-> Materialize
-> Group aggregate: max(tableB.update_time)
-> Filter: (tableB.bill_id <= '2') (cost=2.06 rows=4)
-> Index range scan on tableB using idx_bill_id (cost=2.06 rows=4)
|
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
說到這里,就必須先簡單介紹一下Next-Key Lock,它是結合了Gap Lock和Record Lock的一種鎖定演算法,在Next-Key Lock演算法下,因為InnoDB對于行的查詢都是采用了Next-Key Lock的演算法,鎖定的不是單個值,而是一個范圍(GAP),上面索引值有1,2,3,其記錄的GAP的區間如下:是一個左開右閉的空間:(-∞,1],(1,2],(2,3],(3,+∞),該SQL陳述句鎖定的的記錄為bill_id <= '2'的行記錄,它還會對輔助索引下一個鍵值(bill_id='3')加上Gap Lock,以及在在記錄bill_id='3'上加上共享鎖,所以在洗掉bill_id='3'的記錄時,就會遇到阻塞了,
Next-Key Locks
A next-key lock is a combination of a record lock on the index record and a gap lock on the gap before the index record.
InnoDB performs row-level locking in such a way that when it searches or scans a table index, it sets shared or exclusive locks on the index records it encounters. Thus, the row-level locks are actually index-record locks. A next-key lock on an index record also affects the “gap” before that index record. That is, a next-key lock is an index-record lock plus a gap lock on the gap preceding the index record. If one session has a shared or exclusive lock on record R in an index, another session cannot insert a new index record in the gap immediately before R in the index order.
Suppose that an index contains the values 10, 11, 13, and 20. The possible next-key locks for this index cover the following intervals, where a round bracket denotes exclusion of the interval endpoint and a square bracket denotes inclusion of the endpoint:
(negative infinity, 10]
(10, 11]
(11, 13]
(13, 20]
(20, positive infinity)
For the last interval, the next-key lock locks the gap above the largest value in the index and the “supremum” pseudo-record having a value higher than any value actually in the index. The supremum is not a real index record, so, in effect, this next-key lock locks only the gap following the largest index value.
By default, InnoDB operates in REPEATABLE READ transaction isolation level. In this case, InnoDB uses next-key locks for searches and index scans, which prevents phantom rows (see Section 15.7.4, “Phantom Rows”).
思考部分
從這個UPDATE陳述句中,我們可以看到其子查詢內tableB所有的行都會加上共享鎖,那么要如何優化這個SQL呢? 下面是一種方案,借助臨時表,可以避免tableB上的所有記錄加上共享鎖,影響并發性,
CREATE TEMPORARY TABLE tmp_result
SELECT bill_id,MAX(update_time) FROMtableB
GROUP BY bill_id;
UPDATE tableA aLEFT JOIN
tmp_result b ON a.id = b.bill_id SET a.name = 'abcd'WHERE a.id = '2';
另外,我們還要特別留意UPDATE陳述句中使用子查詢的情況的,例如下面這種情況(下面是博客Avoid Shared Locks from Subqueries When Possible中例子)
update ibreg set k=1 where id in (select id from ibcmp where id > 90000);
這樣的SQL會導致子查詢中的表,例如ibcmp,大范圍的加上共享鎖,導致DML操作被阻塞,嚴重的時候,可能產生大量的阻塞,所以可以通過下面方式優化:
方法1:
beginselect group_concat(id) into @ids from ibcmp where id > 90000;
update ibreg set k=1 where id in (@ids);
commit;
方法2:
begin;select id into outfile '/tmp/id.csv' from ibcmp where id > 90000;
create temporary table t (id int unsigned not null) engine=innodb;
load data infile '/tmp/id.csv' into table t;
update ibreg inner join t on ibreg.id = t.id;
commit;
參考資料:
https://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/8.0/en/innodb-locking.html
https://www.percona.com/blog/2017/09/25/avoid-shared-locks-from-subqueries-when-possible/
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