Cloud-Enabling Technology云使能技術

Broadband Networks and Internet Architecture 寬帶和Internet架構

-All clouds must be connected to a network（Internet or LAN）

• The potential of cloud platforms therefore generally grows in parallel with advancements in Internet connectivity and service quality.

云平臺的潛力通常是與Internet的互聯互通和服務質量同步提升的，

Internet Service Providers (ISPs) Internet服務提供者

-the Internet’s largest backbone（主干） networks

• Established and deployed by ISPs
• interconnected by core routers
• routers connect world’s multinational （跨國的）networks.

-Decentralized provisioning and management model

• ISPs freely deploy, operate, manage their networks
• No centralized entity governs the Internet
• ICANN-互聯網名稱與數字地址分配機構
• Governmental and regulatory laws dictate the service provisioning conditions for organizations and ISPs both within and outside of national borders.

-The Internet’s topology 拓撲

• The Internet’s topology has become a dynamic and complex aggregate（集合） of ISPs ，highly interconnected via its core protocols
• Three hierarchical topology

-Three hierarchical topology（圖5.2）
The core Tier 1

large-scale, international cloud providers
oversee interconnected global networks
connected to Tier 2’s large regional providers

ISPs of Tier 2

connect with Tier 1 providers
connect with local ISPs of Tier 3
Tier 3 local ISPs

-Cloud consumers and cloud providers can connect directly using a Tier 1 provider

-IT resources among paths

communication links of internet and ISP networks
routers of internet and ISP networks

-Two fundamental components used to construct the internetworking architecture

connectionless packet switching (datagram networks) 無連接分組交換
router-based interconnectivity基于路由器互聯

Connectionless Packet Switching (Datagram Networks)

End-to-end (sender-receiver pair) 端到端

1.data flows are divided into packets of a limited size
2.received and processed through network switches and routers
3.queued and forwarded from one intermediary node to the next
4.Each packet carries the necessary location information,
5.processed and routed at every source, intermediary, and destination node.

Router-Based Interconnectivity

-Router

1.A router is a device that is connected to multiple networks through which it forwards packet
2.routers process and forward each packet individually
3.maintaining the network topology information
4.manage network traffic and gauge估計 the most efficient

5. hop（彈跳） for packet delivery

-Communication path that connects cloud consumer with cloud provider may involve multi-ISP network，multiple alternative network routes that are determined at runtime

-The basic mechanics of internetworking

-ISPs implement the Internet’s internetworking layer and interact with other network technologies：

1、Physical Network 物理網路
2、Transport Layer Protocol 傳輸層協議
3、Application Layer Protocol 應用層協議

Data Center Technology 資料中心

• Data Center
  -Grouping IT resources in close proximity （鄰近）
  -Power sharing
  -Higher efficiency in shared IT resource usage
  -Improved accessibility for IT personnel

• Modern data centers
  -specialized IT infrastructure used to house centralized IT resources, such as servers, databases, networking and telecommunication devices, and software systems

• Data centers are typically comprised of the following technologies and components:

1.Virtualization虛擬化
2.Standardization and Modularity標準化和模塊化
3.Automation 自動化
4.Remote Operation and Management遠程操作和管理
5.High Availability高可用性
6.Security-Aware Design, Operation And Management
7.Facilities配套設施
8.Computing Hardware計算硬體
9.Storage Hardware存盤硬體
10.Network Hardware網路硬體

Virtualization虛擬化

• Data centers IT resources：physical and virtualized

• Physical IT resource layer：
  -the facility infrastructure that houses computing/networking systems and equipment, together with hardware systems and their operating systems

• virtualization layer:
  -comprised of operational and management tools of virtualization platforms
  -abstract physical computing and networking IT resources as virtualized components

easier to allocate, operate, release, monitor, and control

• hypervisor
  虛擬機監視器
• VIM
  虛擬化基礎設施管理

Standardization and Modularity標準化和模塊化

• Data centers are built upon standardized commodity hardware and designed with modular architectures
  -Aggregating multiple identical building blocks of facility infrastructure and equipment
  -Support scalability, growth, hardware replacement
  -Modularity and standardization reducing investment and operational costs
  -Consolidated IT resources can serve different systems and be shared among different cloud consumers.

Automation 自動化

• Data centers have specialized platforms
  -Automate provisioning, configuration, patching（打補丁）, and monitoring without supervision（監管）
  -Advances in data center management platforms and tools leverage（利用） autonomic computing technologies to enable self-configuration and self-recovery.

Remote Operation and Management遠程操作和管理

• Most of the operational and administrative tasks of IT resources in data centers are commanded through the network’s remote consoles and management systems.

• Technical personnel are not required to visit the dedicated rooms that house servers, except to perform highly specific tasks, such as equipment handling and cabling or hardware-level installation and maintenance.

High Availability 高可用性

• Since any form of data center outage significantly impacts business continuity for the organizations that use their services

• data centers are designed to operate with increasingly higher levels of redundancy to sustain（維持） availability.
  -Data centers usually have redundant, uninterruptable power supplies, cabling, and environmental control subsystems in anticipation of system failure, along with communication links and clustered hardware for load balancing.

Security-Aware Design, Operation And Management安全感知設計、操作和管理

• Since centralized structures that store and process business data
• Requirements for security （thorough & comprehensive ） 徹底和全面
  -physical and logical access controls
  -data recovery strategies

Facilities 配套設施

Data center facilities are custom-designed locations outfitted (配置)with specialized computing, storage, and network equipment
E.g.These facilities have several functional layout areas, as
well as various power supplies, cabling, and environmental
control stations that regulate heating, ventilation, air
conditioning, fire protection, and other related subsystems.

Computing Hardware 計算硬體

• Much of the heavy processing in data centers is often executed by standardized commodity servers that have substantial（強大的） computing power and storage capacity.

• computing hardware technologies :
  -standardized racks機架 with interconnects for power, network, and internal cooling
  -Support for different hardware processing architectures
  -Hundreds of a power-efficient multi-core CPU architecture in unit of standardized racks
  -Redundant and hot-swappable components

• Computing architectures計算架構
  -blade server technologies刀片服務器技術

Storage Hardware 存盤硬體

• Storage systems involve technologies:
  -Hard Disk Arrays硬碟陣列
  -I/O Caching高速快取
  -Hot-Swappable Hard Disks熱插拔硬碟
  -Storage Virtualization 存盤虛擬化
  -Fast Data Replication Mechanisms快速資料復制機制

Snapshotting快照
volume cloning卷克隆

• Storage systems encompass tertiary redundancies
  -direct-attached storage (DAS)直接附加存盤
  -Storage Area Network (SAN)存盤區域 網路
  -Network-Attached Storage (NAS) 網路附加存盤

Network Hardware 網路硬體

• Five network subsystems
  -Carrier and External Networks Interconnection運營商和外網互聯
  -Web-Tier Load Balancing and Acceleration web層均衡負載和加速
  -LAN Fabric LAN光網路
  -SAN Fabric SAN光網路
  -NAS Gateways NAS網關

Virtualization Technology 虛擬化技術

• Virtualization is the process of converting a physical IT resource into a virtual IT resource

• Most types of IT resources can be virtualized
  -Servers, Storage, Network, Power

• Virtualization software create new virtual server
  -allocation of physical IT resources
  -install operating system(guest operating systems)

Unaware of the virtualization process

• Host or physical host 主機或物理主機
  -Virtualization software runs on a physical server

• virtual machine management虛擬機管理器
  -Virtualization software runs on a physical server called a host or physical host, whose underlying hardware is made accessible by the virtualization software.
  -virtual machine manager or a virtual machine monitor or hypervisor 虛擬機監控器

• Hardware Independence 硬體無關性

• Server Consolidation 服務器整合

• Resource Replication 資源復制

• Operating System-Based Virtualization基于作業系統虛擬化

• Hardware-Based Virtualization基于硬體虛擬化

• Virtualization Management 虛擬化管理

Hardware Independence 硬體無關性

• Software-hardware dependencies （原因）
  -In a non-virtualized environment, the operating system is configured for specific hardware models and requires reconfiguration if these IT resources need to be modified
• Virtualization → hardware independence(結果)
  -translates IT hardware into emulated and standardized software-based copies.
  -virtual servers can easily be moved to another virtualization host, automatically resolving multiple hardware-software incompatibility issues.
• As a result, cloning and manipulating（控制） virtual IT resources is much easier than duplicating(復制) physical hardware.

Server Consolidation 服務器整合

• Coordination function of virtualization software
  -multiple virtual servers to be simultaneously created in the same virtualization host
• server consolidation服務器整合
  -Virtualization technology enables different virtual servers to share one physical server
  -increase hardware utilization, load balancing, and optimization of available IT resources
  -This fundamental capability directly supports common cloud features, such as on-demand usage, resource pooling, elasticity, scalability, and resiliency

Resource Replication 資源復制

• Virtual servers are created as virtual disk images
  -contain binary file copies of hard disk content
  -These virtual disk images are accessible to the host’s operating system

  Simple file operations, such as copy, move, paste, back up
  virtual server

• This ease of manipulation and replication is one of the most salient（突出的）features of virtualization technology

Operating System-Based Virtualization 基于作業系統虛擬化

• host operating system宿主作業系統
  -the installation of virtualization software in a pre-existing operating system
  -Host OS can support hardware devices
  -OS virtualization can rectify(解決) hardware compatibility issues
• Virtualization enabled Hardware independence
  -Hardware IT resources to be more flexibly used
  -Virtualization software translates hardware IT resources into virtualized IT resources compatible with operating systems

Hardware-Based Virtualization基于硬體虛擬化

• Hypervisor虛擬機管理程式
  -Virtualization software directly install to physical host hardware bypass the host operating system
  -A hypervisor has a simple user-interface, establish a virtualization management layer
  -Hardware-based virtualization more efficient

• enables multiple virtual servers to interact with the same hardware platform
• Device drivers and system services are optimized for the provisioning of virtual servers

• hardware-based virtualization concerns compatibility with hardware devices
  -meaning all of the associated device drivers and support software need to be compatible with the hypervisor

Virtualization Management虛擬化管理

• Virtualized IT resource management is often supported by virtualization infrastructure management (VIM) tools
  -collectively manage virtual IT resources
  -rely on a centralized management module
  -runs on a dedicated computer

Web Technology Web技術

• Web technology is generally used as both the implementation medium and the management interface for cloud services.

• Basic Web Technology 基本web技術
• Web Applications web應用

Basic Web Technology

• Basic Web Technology
  -WWW is a system of interlinked IT resources that are accessed through the Internet.
• Web components
  -Web browser client and Web server
• 3 fundamental elements of Web technology architecture :
  -Uniform Resource Locator (URL)-logical network location
  統一資源定位符
  -Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP)-communications protocol
  超文本傳輸協議
  -Markup Languages (HTML, XML)-Markup languages
  標記語言
• Web resources are represented as hypermedia 超媒體

Web Applications

• Web application: A distributed application that uses Web-based technologies (and generally relies on Web browsers for the presentation of user-interfaces)
  -A distributed application that uses Web-based technologies, be found in all kinds of cloud-based environments.
• Web applications basic three-tier model

• presentation layer--first tier, user-interface 表示層
• application layer--middle tier, application logic 應用層
• data layer--third tier, persistent data stores資料層

PaaS environments enable cloud consumers to develop and deploy Web applications, typical PaaS offerings have separate instances of the Web server, application server, and data storage server environments

Multitenant Technology 多租戶技術

• Multitenant application: Multiple users (tenants) to access the same application logic simultaneously
  -Each tenant has its own view of the application remaining unaware of other tenants that are using the same application
  -Do not access to data and configuration information that is not their own
• Tenants individually customize application features:

• User Interface用戶界面
• Business Process業務流程
• Data Model 資料模型
• Access Control訪問控制

• Support share of various artifacts（構件） by multiple users and maintaining security levels that segregate（隔離） individual tenant operational environments.

• Common characteristics of multitenant applications :

• Usage Isolation 使用隔離
• Data Security 資料安全
• Recovery 可恢復
• Application Upgrades 應用升級
• Scalability 可擴展性
• Metered Usage 使用計量
• Data Tier Isolation資料層隔離

Service Technology 服務技術

• Service technology is keystone foundation of cloud computing that formed the basis of the “as-a-service” cloud delivery models.

• Web Services Web服務
• REST Services REST服務
• Service Agents 服務代理
• Service Middleware 服務中間件

Web Services

• First generation Web service technologies

• Web Service Description Language (WSDL)
  web 服務描述語言
• XML Schema Definition Language (XML Schema)
  XML模式描述語言
• Simple Object Access Protocol(SOAP)
  簡單物件訪問協議
• Universal Description, Discovery, and Integration (UDDI)
  統一描述、發現和集成

• Second-generation Web service technologies
  commonly referred to as WS-*

REST Services REST 服務

• REST services are designed according to a set of constraints that shape the service architecture to emulate the properties of the WWW, resulting in service implementations that rely on the use of core Web technologies
• The six REST design constraints:

• Client-Server 客戶端-服務器
• Stateless 無狀態
• Cache 快取
• Interface/Uniform Contract 介面/統一合約
• Layered System 層次化系統
• Code-On-Demand 按需編碼

• Each design constraint is described in detail at www.whatisrest.com.

Service Agents 服務代理

• Service agents are event-driven programs designed to intercept（攔截） messages at runtime.
  -active service agent 主動服務代理

• Active service agents perform an action upon intercepting and reading the contents of a message.
• making changes to the message contents (most commonly message header data and less commonly the body content) or changes to the message path itself.
  -passive service agent 被動服務代理
• do not change message contents
• they read the message and may then capture certain parts of its contents for monitoring, logging, or reporting purposes

• Cloud-based environments rely heavily on system-level and custom service agents to perform runtime monitoring and measuring

Service Middleware 服務中間件

• middleware platforms is the large market under the umbrella of service technology
• messaging-oriented middleware (MOM) platforms → sophisticated（復雜的） service middleware platforms
• two types of middleware platforms

• enterprise service bus (ESB) 企業服務總線
• orchestration platform 業務流程平臺

• Both forms of service middleware can be deployed and operated within cloud-based environments

summary

? Broadband Networks and Internet Architecture寬帶和Internet架構
? Data Center Technology資料中心
? Virtualization Technology虛擬化技術
? Web Technology Web 服務
? Multitenant Technology多租戶技術
? Service Technology服務技術

• Internet Service Providers (ISPs)
• connectionless packet switching (datagram networks) 無連接分組交換
• router-based interconnectivity基于路由器互聯
• Virtualization虛擬化
• Standardization and Modularity標準化和模塊化
• Automation 自動化
• Remote Operation and Management遠程操作和管理
• High Availability 高可用性
• Security-Aware Design, Operation And Management
  安全感知的設計、操作和管理
• Facilities配套設施
• Computing Hardware計算硬體
• Storage Hardware存盤硬體
• Network Hardware網路硬體
• Hardware Independence 硬體無關性
• Server Consolidation 服務器整合
• Resource Replication 資源復制
• Operating System-Based Virtualization 基于作業系統虛擬化
• Hardware-Based Virtualization 基于硬體虛擬化
• Virtualization Management 虛擬化管理
• Basic Web Technology 基本的web技術
• Web Applications web 應用
• Web Services Web服務
• REST Services REST服務
• Service Agents 服務代理
• Service Middleware 服務中間件

個人博客本文地址：https://kohler19.gitee.io/2022/03/21/cloud-computing3/

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