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Andrew Ng機器學習 一: Linear Regression

2020-09-17 04:00:38 其他

一:單變數線性回歸(Linear regression with one variable)

  背景:在某城市開辦飯館,我們有這樣的資料集ex1data1.txt,第一列代表某個城市的人口,第二列代表在該城市開辦飯館的利潤,

 

    我們將資料集顯示在可視圖,可以看出跟某個線性方程有關,而此資料只有單個變數(某城市人口),故接下來我們就使用單變數線性回歸擬合出一條近似滿足于上資料的直線,

  1,單變數的腳本ex1.m:

%% Machine Learning Online Class - Exercise 1: Linear Regression

%  Instructions
%  ------------
%
%  This file contains code that helps you get started on the
%  linear exercise. You will need to complete the following functions
%  in this exericse:
%
%     warmUpExercise.m
%     plotData.m
%     gradientDescent.m
%     computeCost.m
%     gradientDescentMulti.m
%     computeCostMulti.m
%     featureNormalize.m
%     normalEqn.m
%
%  For this exercise, you will not need to change any code in this file,
%  or any other files other than those mentioned above.
%
% x refers to the population size in 10,000s
% y refers to the profit in $10,000s
%

%% Initialization
clear ; close all; clc

%% ==================== Part 1: Basic Function ====================
% Complete warmUpExercise.m
fprintf('Running warmUpExercise ... \n');
fprintf('5x5 Identity Matrix: \n');
warmUpExercise()

fprintf('Program paused. Press enter to continue.\n');
pause;


%% ======================= Part 2: Plotting =======================
fprintf('Plotting Data ...\n')
data = load('ex1data1.txt');
X = data(:, 1); y = data(:, 2);
m = length(y); % number of training examples

% Plot Data
% Note: You have to complete the code in plotData.m
plotData(X, y);

fprintf('Program paused. Press enter to continue.\n');
pause;

%% =================== Part 3: Cost and Gradient descent ===================

X = [ones(m, 1), data(:,1)]; % Add a column of ones to x
theta = zeros(2, 1); % initialize fitting parameters

% Some gradient descent settings
iterations = 1500;
alpha = 0.01;

fprintf('\nTesting the cost function ...\n')
% compute and display initial cost
J = computeCost(X, y, theta);
fprintf('With theta = [0 ; 0]\nCost computed = %f\n', J);
fprintf('Expected cost value (approx) 32.07\n');

% further testing of the cost function
J = computeCost(X, y, [-1 ; 2]);
fprintf('\nWith theta = [-1 ; 2]\nCost computed = %f\n', J);
fprintf('Expected cost value (approx) 54.24\n');

fprintf('Program paused. Press enter to continue.\n');
pause;

fprintf('\nRunning Gradient Descent ...\n')
% run gradient descent
theta = gradientDescent(X, y, theta, alpha, iterations);

% print theta to screen
fprintf('Theta found by gradient descent:\n');
fprintf('%f\n', theta);
fprintf('Expected theta values (approx)\n');
fprintf(' -3.6303\n  1.1664\n\n');

% Plot the linear fit
hold on; % keep previous plot visible
plot(X(:,2), X*theta, '-')
legend('Training data', 'Linear regression')
hold off % don't overlay any more plots on this figure

% Predict values for population sizes of 35,000 and 70,000
predict1 = [1, 3.5] *theta;
fprintf('For population = 35,000, we predict a profit of %f\n',...
    predict1*10000);
predict2 = [1, 7] * theta;
fprintf('For population = 70,000, we predict a profit of %f\n',...
    predict2*10000);

fprintf('Program paused. Press enter to continue.\n');
pause;

%% ============= Part 4: Visualizing J(theta_0, theta_1) =============
fprintf('Visualizing J(theta_0, theta_1) ...\n')

% Grid over which we will calculate J
theta0_vals = linspace(-10, 10, 100);
theta1_vals = linspace(-1, 4, 100);

% initialize J_vals to a matrix of 0's
J_vals = zeros(length(theta0_vals), length(theta1_vals));

% Fill out J_vals
for i = 1:length(theta0_vals)
    for j = 1:length(theta1_vals)
      t = [theta0_vals(i); theta1_vals(j)];
      J_vals(i,j) = computeCost(X, y, t);
    end
end


% Because of the way meshgrids work in the surf command, we need to
% transpose J_vals before calling surf, or else the axes will be flipped
J_vals = J_vals';
% Surface plot
figure;
surf(theta0_vals, theta1_vals, J_vals)
xlabel('\theta_0'); ylabel('\theta_1');

% Contour plot
figure;
% Plot J_vals as 15 contours spaced logarithmically between 0.01 and 100
contour(theta0_vals, theta1_vals, J_vals, logspace(-2, 3, 20))
xlabel('\theta_0'); ylabel('\theta_1');
hold on;
plot(theta(1), theta(2), 'rx', 'MarkerSize', 10, 'LineWidth', 2);
ex1.m

 

  2,單變數代價函式(cost function):

    $J(\theta_0,\theta_1)=J(\theta)=\frac{1}{2m}\sum_{i=1}^{m}(h_\theta(x^{(i)})-y^{(i)})^2$ 

  其中假設(預測)函式:$  h_{\theta}(x)=\theta^T * x=\theta_0*x_0+\theta_1*x_1$,其中$x_0=1$

function J = computeCost(X, y, theta)

m = length(y); 

J = 0;
 
  ans=X*theta; %X*theta計算hθ(x)
  ans=(ans-y).^2; %計算平方差成本函式
  J=sum(ans)/(2*m); %計算所有樣本m的代價
  


end
computeCost.m

   

  3,單變數梯度下降(Gradient descent):

  $  \theta_j:=\theta_j- \frac{\alpha}{m}\sum_{i=1}^{m}[(h_\theta(x^{(i)})-y^{(i)})x^{(i)}_j]$ (同時更新$large  \theta_j$(all j)),其中$x^{(0)}=1$ 

function [theta, J_history] = gradientDescent(X, y, theta, alpha, num_iters)
%GRADIENTDESCENT Performs gradient descent to learn theta
%   theta = GRADIENTDESCENT(X, y, theta, alpha, num_iters) updates theta by 
%   taking num_iters gradient steps with learning rate alpha

% Initialize some useful values
m = length(y); % number of training examples
J_history = zeros(num_iters, 1);

for iter = 1:num_iters

    % ====================== YOUR CODE HERE ======================
    % Instructions: Perform a single gradient step on the parameter vector
    %               theta. 
    %
    % Hint: While debugging, it can be useful to print out the values
    %       of the cost function (computeCost) and gradient here.
    %

     % ans1=theta(1)-sum((sum(X*theta,2)-y).*X(:,1))*alpha/m;
     % ans2=theta(2)-sum((sum(X*theta,2)-y).*X(:,2))*alpha/m;
     %  theta(1)=ans1;
     %  theta(2)=ans2;
      
      %梯度下降,X為(m,2),hθ(x)-y為(m,1),先將X轉置
      theta=theta-((X')*(X*theta-y)).*(alpha/m); 


    % ============================================================

    % Save the cost J in every iteration    
    J_history(iter) = computeCost(X, y, theta);

end

end
gradientDescent.m

  梯度下降算出來theta引數值后,我們就可以預測了,

  假設我們想預測城市人口為35000,在該城市開辦飯館預計能獲得多少利潤,

  利潤=([1,3.5]*theta)*10000,(我們將資料進行了特征縮放10000),

  

 

二:多變數線性回歸(Linear regression with multiple variables)

  背景:預測房價,現在有一些資料集ex1data2.txt,第一列為房子大小(平方英尺),第二列為該房子臥室數量,第三列為該房子的價值,

    我們觀察該資料集的可視圖后,用多變數線性回歸去擬合該資料集,注意此處的資料集ex1data2.txt并沒有進行特征縮放,故我們首先對該資料集進行特征縮放,

  

  1,多變數的腳本ex1_multi.m:

%% Machine Learning Online Class
%  Exercise 1: Linear regression with multiple variables
%
%  Instructions
%  ------------
% 
%  This file contains code that helps you get started on the
%  linear regression exercise. 
%
%  You will need to complete the following functions in this 
%  exericse:
%
%     warmUpExercise.m
%     plotData.m
%     gradientDescent.m
%     computeCost.m
%     gradientDescentMulti.m
%     computeCostMulti.m
%     featureNormalize.m
%     normalEqn.m
%
%  For this part of the exercise, you will need to change some
%  parts of the code below for various experiments (e.g., changing
%  learning rates).
%

%% Initialization

%% ================ Part 1: Feature Normalization ================

%% Clear and Close Figures
clear ; close all; clc

fprintf('Loading data ...\n');

%% Load Data
data = load('ex1data2.txt');
X = data(:, 1:2);
y = data(:, 3);
m = length(y);

% Print out some data points
fprintf('First 10 examples from the dataset: \n');
fprintf(' x = [%.0f %.0f], y = %.0f \n', [X(1:10,:) y(1:10,:)]');

fprintf('Program paused. Press enter to continue.\n');
pause;

% Scale features and set them to zero mean
fprintf('Normalizing Features ...\n');

[X mu sigma] = featureNormalize(X);

% Add intercept term to X
X = [ones(m, 1) X]; %而外增加一列截距項為1的資料列


%% ================ Part 2: Gradient Descent ================

% ====================== YOUR CODE HERE ======================
% Instructions: We have provided you with the following starter
%               code that runs gradient descent with a particular
%               learning rate (alpha). 
%
%               Your task is to first make sure that your functions - 
%               computeCost and gradientDescent already work with 
%               this starter code and support multiple variables.
%
%               After that, try running gradient descent with 
%               different values of alpha and see which one gives
%               you the best result.
%
%               Finally, you should complete the code at the end
%               to predict the price of a 1650 sq-ft, 3 br house.
%
% Hint: By using the 'hold on' command, you can plot multiple
%       graphs on the same figure.
%
% Hint: At prediction, make sure you do the same feature normalization.
%

fprintf('Running gradient descent ...\n');

% Choose some alpha value
alpha = 0.01;
num_iters = 400;

% Init Theta and Run Gradient Descent 
theta = zeros(3, 1);
[theta, J_history] = gradientDescentMulti(X, y, theta, alpha, num_iters);

##alpha2 = 0.1;
##theta2 = zeros(3, 1);
##[theta2, J2] = gradientDescentMulti(X, y, theta2, alpha2, num_iters);

##alpha3 = 0.9;
##theta3 = zeros(3, 1);
##[theta3, J3] = gradientDescentMulti(X, y, theta3, alpha3, num_iters);
% Plot the convergence graph
figure;
plot(1:numel(J_history), J_history, '-b', 'LineWidth', 2);
##plot(1:50, J_history(1:50), '-b', 'LineWidth', 2);
xlabel('Number of iterations');
ylabel('Cost J');

##hold on;
##plot(1:50,J2(1:50),'r');
##
##hold on;
##plot(1:50,J3(1:50),'k');

% Display gradient descent's result
fprintf('Theta computed from gradient descent: \n');
fprintf(' %f \n', theta);
fprintf('\n');

% Estimate the price of a 1650 sq-ft, 3 br house
% ====================== YOUR CODE HERE ======================
% Recall that the first column of X is all-ones. Thus, it does
% not need to be normalized.

%預測房子1650平方,3個房間的價格

predict1=[1650 3];
predict1=(predict1.-mu)./sigma; %用測驗資料的特征縮放的平均值與標準差的值
predict1=[ones(1,1) predict1];
fprintf(' %f \n', predict1);

price = predict1 *theta; % 預測價格


% ============================================================

fprintf(['Predicted price of a 1650 sq-ft, 3 br house ' ...
         '(using gradient descent):\n $%f\n'], price);

fprintf('Program paused. Press enter to continue.\n');
pause;

%% ================ Part 3: Normal Equations ================

fprintf('Solving with normal equations...\n');

% ====================== YOUR CODE HERE ======================
% Instructions: The following code computes the closed form 
%               solution for linear regression using the normal
%               equations. You should complete the code in 
%               normalEqn.m
%
%               After doing so, you should complete this code 
%               to predict the price of a 1650 sq-ft, 3 br house.
%

%% Load Data
data = csvread('ex1data2.txt');
X = data(:, 1:2);
y = data(:, 3);
m = length(y);

% Add intercept term to X
X = [ones(m, 1) X];

% Calculate the parameters from the normal equation
theta = normalEqn(X, y);

% Display normal equation's result
fprintf('Theta computed from the normal equations: \n');
fprintf(' %f \n', theta);
fprintf('\n');


% Estimate the price of a 1650 sq-ft, 3 br house
% ====================== YOUR CODE HERE ======================

predict1=[1 1650 3];
price = predict1*theta; % 預測價格


% ============================================================

fprintf(['Predicted price of a 1650 sq-ft, 3 br house ' ...
         '(using normal equations):\n $%f\n'], price);
ex1_multi.m

 

  2,特征縮放:X進行縮放前,不需添加截距項,縮放后添加

function [X_norm, mu, sigma] = featureNormalize(X)
%FEATURENORMALIZE Normalizes the features in X 
%   FEATURENORMALIZE(X) returns a normalized version of X where
%   the mean value of each feature is 0 and the standard deviation
%   is 1. This is often a good preprocessing step to do when
%   working with learning algorithms.

% You need to set these values correctly
X_norm = X;
mu = zeros(1, size(X, 2));
sigma = zeros(1, size(X, 2));

% ====================== YOUR CODE HERE ======================
% Instructions: First, for each feature dimension, compute the mean
%               of the feature and subtract it from the dataset,
%               storing the mean value in mu. Next, compute the 
%               standard deviation of each feature and divide
%               each feature by it's standard deviation, storing
%               the standard deviation in sigma. 
%
%               Note that X is a matrix where each column is a 
%               feature and each row is an example. You need 
%               to perform the normalization separately for 
%               each feature. 
%
% Hint: You might find the 'mean' and 'std' functions useful.
%       

  
  mu=mean(X); %計算X每列的平均值
  sigma=std(X); %計算X每列的標準差
  
  X_norm=(X.-mu)./sigma; %特征縮放




% ============================================================

end
featureNormalize.m

  

  3,多變數代價函式(cost function):

      $J(\theta_0,\theta_1,...,\theta_n)=J(\theta)=\frac{1}{2m}\sum_{i=1}^{m}(h_\theta(x^{(i)})-y^{(i)})^2$

  其中假設(預測)函式: $h_{\theta}(x)=\theta^T * x=\theta_0*x_0+\theta_1*x_1+...+\theta_n*x_n$ ,其中$x_0=1$,

function J = computeCostMulti(X, y, theta)
%COMPUTECOSTMULTI Compute cost for linear regression with multiple variables
%   J = COMPUTECOSTMULTI(X, y, theta) computes the cost of using theta as the
%   parameter for linear regression to fit the data points in X and y

% Initialize some useful values
m = length(y); % number of training examples

% You need to return the following variables correctly 
J = 0;

% ====================== YOUR CODE HERE ======================
% Instructions: Compute the cost of a particular choice of theta
%               You should set J to the cost.

   ans=X*theta-y; %計算hθ(x)-y
   ans=(ans')*ans;  %計算(hθ(x)-y)^2
   % ans=ans.^2; %或者是這樣計算
   J=sum(ans)./(2*m); %計算代價函式

% =========================================================================

end
computeCostMulti.m

 

 

   4,多變數梯度下降(Gradient descent):

  $  \theta_j:=\theta_j- \frac{\alpha}{m}\sum_{i=1}^{m}[(h_\theta(x^{(i)})-y^{(i)})x^{(i)}_j]$ (同時更新$large  \theta_j$(all j)),其中$x^{(0)}=1$

function [theta, J_history] = gradientDescentMulti(X, y, theta, alpha, num_iters)
%GRADIENTDESCENTMULTI Performs gradient descent to learn theta
%   theta = GRADIENTDESCENTMULTI(x, y, theta, alpha, num_iters) updates theta by
%   taking num_iters gradient steps with learning rate alpha

% Initialize some useful values
m = length(y); % number of training examples
J_history = zeros(num_iters, 1);

for iter = 1:num_iters

    % ====================== YOUR CODE HERE ======================
    % Instructions: Perform a single gradient step on the parameter vector
    %               theta. 
    %
    % Hint: While debugging, it can be useful to print out the values
    %       of the cost function (computeCostMulti) and gradient here.
    %

    theta=theta-((X')*(X*theta-y)).*(alpha/m);

    % ============================================================

    % Save the cost J in every iteration    
    %每一次迭代計算代價函式保存,以后可作為可視化圖
    J_history(iter) = computeCostMulti(X, y, theta);

end

end
gradientDescentMulti.m

 

  梯度下降算出來theta引數值后,我們就可以預測了,

  假設我們想預測某所房子房屋面積為1650平方英尺,3個房間,該所房子的價值大約是多少?

  predict1=([1650 3]-mu)./sigma,先進行縮放,使用訓練集的平均值與標準差,

  predict1=[1 predict1] ,增加一個截距項1,

  價值=predict1*theta,

   

  我們可以選擇不同的學習速率alpha,試試那個學習速率收斂得更快,一般我們每次選擇為前一個選擇的3倍,例如:0.01,0.03,0.1,0.3,0.9......

 

三:正規方程(Normal Equations)求解線性回歸:

  用正規方程求解線性回歸方程更便捷,它不需要一直迭代,只需求一個式子就行了:

  $\theta=(X^TX)^{-1}X^Ty$  $X$為該資料集的變數(已添加了截距項),$y$為該資料集的結果,

  最后預測值就為:predict1*theta,

  

總結:

  梯度下降與正規方程的比較:

1,需要選擇$\alpha$                                    1,不需要選擇$\alpha$ 

2,需要迭代次數              2,不需要迭代    

3,當n很大時,也能很好的運行                3,只需計算一次$(X^TX)^{-1}$

                        4,當n很大時,會很慢(因為要逆運算),一般n不大于10000

 

 

我的便簽:做個有情懷的程式員,

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