我最近被告知 AVL 排序不到位。誰能解釋一下？從下面的代碼中，我不確定在排序時分配額外空間的位置。在此代碼中，當構建資料結構或插入元素時，元素按其鍵排序。
宣告的參考：他們正在使用此宣告來激發“二進制堆”
[1].https://ocw.mit.edu/courses/electrical-engineering-and-computer-science/6-006-introduction-to-algorithms-spring-2020/lecture-notes/MIT6_006S20_r08.pdf
代碼參考：
[2]。https://ocw.mit.edu/courses/electrical-engineering-and-computer-science/6-006-introduction-to-algorithms-spring-2020/lecture-notes/MIT6_006S20_r06.pdf
[3]。https://ocw.mit.edu/courses/electrical-engineering-and-computer-science/6-006-introduction-to-algorithms-spring-2020/lecture-notes/MIT6_006S20_r07.pdf
def height(A):
if A: return A.height
else: return -1
class Binary_Node:
def __init__(self, x):
self.item = x
self.parent = None
self.left = None
self.right = None
self.subtree_update()
def subtree_update(self):
self.height = 1 max(height(self.left), height(self.right))
def subtree_iter(self):
if self.left: yield from self.left.subtree_iter()
yield self
if self.right: yield from self.right.subtree_iter()
def subtree_first(self):
if self.left: return self.left.subtree_first()
else: return self
def subtree_last(self):
if self.right: return self.right.subtree_last()
else: return self
def sucessor(self):
if self.right: return self.right.subtree_first()
while self.parent and (self is self.parent.right): #A is parent's left child and A's parent exists
self = self.parent
return self.parent
def predecessor(self):
if self.left: return self.left.subtree_last()
while self.parent and (self is self.parent.left):
self = self.parent
return self.parent
def subtree_insert_before(self, A):
if self.left:
self = self.left.subtree_last()
self.right, A.parent = A, self
else:
self.left, A.parent = A, self
self.maintain()
def subtree_insert_after(self, A):
if self.right:
self = self.right.subtree_first()
self.left, A.parent = A, self
else:
self.right, A.parent = A, self
self.maintain()
def delete(self):
if not self.left and not self.right: # when self is leaf
if self.parent:
A = self.parent
if A.left is self: A.left = None
else: A.right = None
self.parent = None
if self.left:
self.item, self.left.subtree_last().item = self.left.subtree_last().item, self.item
self.left.subtree_last().delete()
else:
self.item, self.right.subtree_first().item = self.right.subtree_first().item, self.item
self.right.subtree_last().delete()
def subtree_delete(self):
if self.left or self.right:
if self.left: B = self.predecessor()
else: B = self.sucessor()
self.item, B.item = B.item, self.item
return B.subtree_delete()
if self.parent:
if self.parent.left is self: self.parent.left = None
else: self.parent.right = None
self.parent.maintain()
return self
def subtree_rotate_right(self):
assert self.left
B, E = self.left, self.right
A, C = B.left, B.right
B, self = self, B
self.item, B.item = B.item, self.item
B.left, B.right = A, self
self.left, self.right = C, E
if A: A.parent = B
if E: E.parent = self
B.subtree_update()
self.subtree_update()
def subtree_rotate_left(self):
assert self.right
A, D = self.left, self.right
C, E = D.left, D.right
self, D = D, self
self.item, D.item = D.item, self.item
self.left, self.right = A, C
D.left, D.right = self, E
if A: A.parent = self
if E: E.parent = D
self.subtree_update()
D.subtree_update()
def skew(self):
return height(self.right) - height(self.left)
def rebalance(self):
if self.skew() == 2:
if self.right.skew() < 0:
self.right.subtree_rotate_right()
self.subtree_rotate_left()
elif self.skew() == -2:
if self.left.skew() > 0:
self.left.subtree_rotate_left()
self.subtree_rotate_right()
def maintain(self):
self.rebalance()
self.subtree_update()
if self.parent: self.parent.maintain()
class Binary_Tree:
def __init__(self, Node_Type = Binary_Node):
self.root = None
self.size = 0
self.Node_Type = Node_Type
def __len__(self): return self.size
def __iter__(self):
if self.root:
for A in self.root.subtree_iter():
yield A.item
def build(self, X):
A = [x for x in X]
def build_subtree(A, i, j):
c = (i j) // 2
root = self.Node_Type(A[c])
if i < c:
root.left = build_subtree(A, i, c - 1)
root.left.parent = root
if j > c:
root.right = build_subtree(A, c 1, j)
root.right.parent = root
return root
self.root = build_subtree(A, 0, len(A) - 1)
class BST_Node(Binary_Node):
def subtree_find(self, k):
if self.item.key > k:
if self.left: self.left.subtree_find(k)
elif self.item.key < k:
if self.right: self.right.subtree_find(k)
else: return self
return None
def subtree_find_next(self, k):
if self.item.key <= k:
if self.right: return self.right.subtree_find_next(k)
else: return None
elif self.item.key > k:
if self.left: return self.left.subtree_find_next(k)
else: return self
return self
def subtree_find_prev(self, k):
if self.item.key >= k:
if self.left: return self.left.subtree_find_prev(k)
else: return None
elif self.item.key < k:
if self.right: return self.right.subtree_find_prev(k)
else: return self
return self
def subtree_insert(self, B):
if B.item.key < self.item.key:
if self.left: self.left.subtree_insert(B)
else: self.subtree_insert_before(B)
elif B.item.key > self.item.key:
if self.right: self.right.subtree_insert(B)
else: self.subtree_insert_after(B)
else:
self.item = B.item
class Set_Binary_Tree(Binary_Tree):
def __init__(self): super().__init__(BST_Node)
def iter_order(self): yield from self
def build(self, X):
for x in X: self.insert(x)
def find_min(self):
if self.root: return self.root.subtree_first()
def find_max(self):
if self.root: return self.root.subtree_last()
def find(self, k):
if self.root:
node = self.root.subtree_find(k)
if node:
return node.item
def find_next(self, k):
if self.root:
node = self.root.subtree_find_next(k)
if node:
return node.item
def find_prev(self, k):
if self.root:
node = self.root.subtree_find_prev(k)
if node:
return node.item
def insert(self, x):
new = self.Node_Type(x)
if self.root:
self.root.subtree_insert(new)
if new.parent is None: return False
else:
self.root = new
self.size = 1
return True
def delete(self, k):
assert self.root
node = self.root.subtree_find(k)
assert node
ext = node.subtree_delete()
if ext.parent is None: self.root = None
self.size -= 1
return ext.item
uj5u.com熱心網友回復：
維基百科定義了一個就地演算法如下：
在計算機科學中，就地演算法是一種不使用輔助資料結構來轉換輸入的演算法。但是，輔助變數允許有少量的額外存盤空間。輸入通常在演算法執行時被輸出覆寫。就地演算法僅通過元素的替換或交換來更新其輸入序列。
因此，稱為“就地”演算法的特性之一是它不會將所有輸入值復制到新分配的資料結構中。如果一個演算法創建一個二叉搜索樹（如 AVL），為其創建填充有輸入值的節點物件，那么它不能被上述定義就地呼叫，即使在程序結束時值被復制回輸入陣列。
作為比較，堆排序并不必須創建一個新的資料結構，作為輸入陣列可以用于重組其值到堆。它只需要交換該陣列中的值即可對其進行排序。因此，它是一種就地演算法。
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